Disseminated intravascular coagulation causes

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Ogheneochuko Ajari, MB.BS, MS [2]

Overview

There are a variety of causes of DIC, all usually causing the release of chemicals into the blood that instigates the coagulation.

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.

Disseminated intravascular coagulation in itself is a life-threatening condition and must be treated as such irrespective of the cause.

Common Causes

• Abruptio placentae
• Amniotic fluid embolism
• Aortic aneurysm
• Blood transfusion reaction
• Drugs (e.g. Amphetamines)
• Eclampsia
• Giant hemangioma
• Graft-versus-host disease
• HELLP syndrome
• Hemolytic transfusion reaction
• Liver disease
• Malignancy (especially APL)
• Sepsis (esp. gram-negative bacteria)
• Severe allergic reaction
• Transplant rejection
• Trauma (e.g. Fat embolism, head injury)
• Venomous snake
• Viral hemorrhagic fever

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular	Aortic aneurysm, Malignant hypertension, Myocardial infarction, Septic shock, Shock, Vasculitis
Chemical / poisoning	Snake bite
Dermatologic	No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect	Amphetamine, Cocaine, Interleukin 2, Serotonin syndrome
Ear Nose Throat	No underlying causes
Endocrine	No underlying causes
Environmental	No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic	Acute fatty liver of pregnancy, Acute hepatic failure, Acute pancreatitis, Crohn disease, Liver disease, Ulcerative colitis
Genetic	No underlying causes
Hematologic	Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, Purpura fulminans, Acute myeloid leukemia, Acute promyelocytic leukemia
Iatrogenic	Acute renal allograft rejection, Blood transfusion and complications, Denver shunt, Extensive surgery, LeVeen shunt, Peritoneovenous shunt, Prosthetic devices, Recent anesthesia, Reperfusion after liver transplantation, Ventricular assist devices
Infectious Disease	Argentine hemorrhagic fever, Aspergillosis, Bolivian Hemorrhagic Fever, Capnocytophaga canimorsus, CMV, Hepatitis viruses, Histoplasmosis, Malaria (malignant tertian), Meningococcal septicaemia, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Neisseria meningiditis, Neisseria meningitidis, Osteomyelitis, Rocky mountain spotted fever, Sarcoidosis, Sleeping sickness (East African), Streptococcus pneumoniae, Tuberculosis, Typhoid fever, Viral hemorrhagic fevers, VZV, Septic shock
Musculoskeletal / Ortho	No underlying causes
Neurologic	No underlying causes
Nutritional / Metabolic	No underlying causes
Obstetric/Gynecologic	Amniotic fluid embolism, Eclampsia, HELLP syndrome, Intrauterine death, Placental abruption, Pre-eclampsia, Retained intrauterine fetal demise
Oncologic	Acute myeloid leukemia, Acute promyelocytic leukemia, Cancers of lung, pancreas, prostate and stomach, Giant hemangioma, Kasabach-Merritt syndrome, Mucin-secreting adenocarcinoma, Myeloproliferative syndromes, Paraneoplastic syndrome, Trousseau's syndrome
Opthalmologic	No underlying causes
Overdose / Toxicity	No underlying causes
Psychiatric	No underlying causes
Pulmonary	Empyema
Renal / Electrolyte	No underlying causes
Rheum / Immune / Allergy	Antiphospholipid syndrome, Macrophage activation syndrome, Raynaud disease, Rheumatoid arthritis
Sexual	No underlying causes
Trauma	Burns, Crush syndrome, Head injury, Lightning strike, Motor vehicle accidents, Severe tissue injury
Urologic	No underlying causes
Dental	No underlying causes
Miscellaneous	Heat stroke

Causes in Alphabetical Order

• Abruptio placentae
• Acute fatty liver of pregnancy
• Acute hemolytic transfusion reactions
• Acute hepatic failure
• Acute myeloid leukemia
• Acute pancreatitis
• Acute promyelocytic leukemia
• Acute renal allograft rejection
• Acute respiratory distress syndrome
• Amniotic fluid embolism
• Amphetamine
• Antiphospholipid syndrome
• Aortic aneurysm
• Arenaviruses
• Argentine hemorrhagic fever
• Aspergillosis
• Bolivian hemorrhagic fever
• Burns
• Capnocytophaga canimorsus
• Carcinoma (eg lung, pancreas, prostate and stomach)
• CMV
• Cocaine
• Crohn disease
• Crush syndrome
• Dead fetus syndrome
• Denver shunt
• Eclampsia
• Empyema
• Extensive surgery
• Fulminant hepatic failure
• Giant hemangioma
• Head injury
• Heat stroke
• HELLP syndrome
• Hepatitis viruses
• Histoplasmosis
• Hyperthermia
• Interleukin 2
• Intrauterine death
• Kasabach-Merritt syndrome
• LeVeen shunt
• Lightning strike
• Liver disease
• Liver transplantation
• Macrophage-activation syndrome
• Malaria (malignant tertian)
• Malignancy
• Malignant hypertension
• Meningococcal septicaemia
• Motor vehicle accidents
• Mucin-secreting adenocarcinoma
• Mycoplasma pneumoniae
• Myeloproliferative syndrome
• Myocardial infarction
• Neisseria meningiditis
• Osteomyelitis
• Paraneoplastic syndrome
• Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
• Peritoneovenous shunt
• Pre-eclampsia
• Prosthetic devices
• Purpura fulminans
• Raynaud's disease
• Recent anesthesia
• Renal failure
• Retained intrauterine fetal demise
• Rheumatoid arthritis
• Rocky mountain spotted fever
• Sarcoidosis
• Sepsis
• Septic abortion
• Septic shock
• Serotonin syndrome
• Severe tissue injury
• Shock
• Sleeping sickness (East african)
• Snake bite (Elapid)
• Streptococcus pneumoniae
• Surgery
• Trauma
• Trousseau's syndrome
• Tuberculosis
• Typhoid fever
• Ulcerative colitis
• Vasculitis
• Venomous snake
• Ventricular assist devices
• Viral hemorrhagic fevers
• VZV

Acute fatty liver of pregnancy Acute hepatic failure Acute myeloid leukemia Acute pancreatitis Acute promyelocytic leukemia Acute renal allograft rejection Amniotic fluid embolism Amphetamine Antiphospholipid syndrome Aortic aneurysm Argentine hemorrhagic fever Aspergillosis Blood transfusion and complications Bolivian hemorrhagic fever Burns Carcinoma (eg lung, pancreas, prostate and stomach) Capnocytophaga canimorsus CMV Cocaine Crohn disease Crush syndrome Denver shunt Eclampsia Empyema Extensive surgery Giant hemangioma Head injury Heat stroke HELLP syndrome Hepatitis viruses Histoplasmosis Interleukin 2 Intrauterine death Kasabach-Merritt syndrome LeVeen shunt Lightning strike Liver disease Macrophage-activation syndrome Malaria (malignant tertian)

Malignant hypertension Meningococcal septicaemia Motor vehicle accidents Mucin-secreting adenocarcinoma Mycoplasma pneumoniae Myeloproliferative syndrome Myocardial infarction Neisseria meningiditis Neisseria meningitidis Osteomyelitis Paraneoplastic syndrome Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria Peritoneovenous shunt Placental abruption Pre-eclampsia Prosthetic devices Purpura fulminans Raynaud's disease Recent anesthesia Reperfusion after liver transplantation Retained intrauterine fetal demise Rheumatoid arthritis Rocky mountain spotted fever Sarcoidosis Septic shock Serotonin syndrome Severe tissue injury Shock Sleeping sickness (East African) Snake bite (Elapid) Streptococcus pneumoniae Trousseau's syndrome Tuberculosis Typhoid fever Ulcerative colitis Vasculitis Ventricular assist devices Viral hemorrhagic fevers VZV