Ebola history and symptoms: Difference between revisions
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Revision as of 04:45, 16 July 2014
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Michael Maddaleni, B.S.; Guillermo Rodriguez Nava, M.D. [2]
Overview
Ebola causes a variety of symptoms which may include fever, chills vomiting, diarrhea, generalized pain or malaise, and sometimes internal and external bleeding, that follow an incubation period of 2-21 days. These symptoms are common to all species of Ebola virus, but the different species may present with differences in the severity of symptoms.
History
- The early symptoms of a VHF such as Ebola include high fever and headache. These are also symptoms of many infections seen at the health facility
- Most patients who present with fever do not have a VHF. Their fever is more often caused by malaria, typhoid fever, dysentery,severe bacterial infection or other fever-producing illness usually seen in the area
- When a patient presents with fever, exclude other causes of fever. For example, do a malaria smear or take a stool culture as soon as possible
- Treat the most likely cause of the fever according to the appropriate treatment guidelines
- If the fever continues after 3 days of recommended treatment, and if the patient shows evidence of bleeding or shock, consider a VHF
- Review the patient’s history for any contact with someone who was ill, with fever and bleeding or who died from an unexplained illness with these symptoms.
- If no other cause is found for the patient’s signs and symptoms, suspect a VHF. Begin VHF Isolation Precautions.[1]
- Fewer than 50 percent of patients will not develop any hemorrhage.
- A history of contact with another infected individual should be elicited particularly in the setting of an outbreak.
Common Symptoms
Although different species of Ebola virus have different clinical manifestations, a common progression of symptoms includes 2 phases:[2][3][4]
Phase 1
Incubation period of duration approximately 2 - 21 days, followed by an abrupt onset of symptoms, which include:
General
Respiratory
Gastrointestinal
- Anorexia
- Nausea
- Dysphagia
- Vomiting
- Abdominal pain - often related with true pancreatitis
- Diarrhea
Vascular
Neurological
Osteoarticular
Phase 2
Generally preceded by a short pseudoremission term, which lasts about 24 - 48 hours
Haemorrhagic manifestations
- Petechiae
- Ecchymoses
- Epistaxis
- Mucosal hemorrhages
- Hematemesis
- Melena
- Hematuria
- Uncontroled bleeding from venepuncture sites
- Diffuse coagulopathy
Nonpsychiatric abnormalities
- Convulsions
- Metabolic disturbances
- Shock
- Coma
References
- ↑ "Infection Control for Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers in the African Health Care Setting" (PDF). line feed character in
|title=at position 75 (help) - ↑ Ndambi R, Akamituna P, Bonnet MJ, Tukadila AM, Muyembe-Tamfum JJ, Colebunders R (1999). "Epidemiologic and clinical aspects of the Ebola virus epidemic in Mosango, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 1995". J Infect Dis. 179 Suppl 1: S8–10. doi:10.1086/514297. PMID 9988156.
- ↑ Bwaka MA, Bonnet MJ, Calain P, Colebunders R, De Roo A, Guimard Y; et al. (1999). "Ebola hemorrhagic fever in Kikwit, Democratic Republic of the Congo: clinical observations in 103 patients". J Infect Dis. 179 Suppl 1: S1–7. doi:10.1086/514308. PMID 9988155.
- ↑ Feldmann H, Geisbert TW (2011). "Ebola haemorrhagic fever". Lancet. 377 (9768): 849–62. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60667-8. PMC 3406178. PMID 21084112.