Acid indigestion

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List of terms related to Acid indigestion

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Overview

Acid indigestion is a type of indigestion involving an excess of hydrochloric acid in the stomach. Frequent occurrence of acid indigestion can lead to aggravation of the duodenum or to an aggravation of the lining of the stomach, both of which can lead to ulcers which can be life-threatening. However, it is important to note that some 85...95% of all stomach ulcers are caused by infection with the bacterium Helicobacter pylori, and not by excess acidity.

Acid indigestion should be distinguished from heartburn, which typically involves aggravation of the esophagus.

Causes

Common Causes

Common contributors to acid indigestion are:

• Eating foods with too much fat in them.
• Eating foods with too much spice in them.
• Excess consumption of
  • Alcohol
  • Caffeine
• Smoking
• Overeating
• Eating too late in the evening, or eating just before sleeping.

Over the counter remedies (antacids) are available at almost all grocery stores and drugstores. However, a kind of dependence can develop on these medications, and other complications can arise from excess use of antacids.

Historical Perspective

• [Disease name] was first discovered by [scientist name], a [nationality + occupation], in [year] during/following [event].
• In [year], [gene] mutations were first identified in the pathogenesis of [disease name].
• In [year], the first [discovery] was developed by [scientist] to treat/diagnose [disease name].

Classification

• [Disease name] may be classified according to [classification method] into [number] subtypes/groups:

• [group1]
• [group2]
• [group3]

• Other variants of [disease name] include [disease subtype 1], [disease subtype 2], and [disease subtype 3].

Pathophysiology

• The pathogenesis of [disease name] is characterized by [feature1], [feature2], and [feature3].
• The [gene name] gene/Mutation in [gene name] has been associated with the development of [disease name], involving the [molecular pathway] pathway.
• On gross pathology, [feature1], [feature2], and [feature3] are characteristic findings of [disease name].
• On microscopic histopathological analysis, [feature1], [feature2], and [feature3] are characteristic findings of [disease name].

Differentiating [disease name] from other Diseases

• [Disease name] must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [clinical feature 1], [clinical feature 2], and [clinical feature 3], such as:

• [Differential dx1]
• [Differential dx2]
• [Differential dx3]

Epidemiology and Demographics

• The prevalence of [disease name] is approximately [number or range] per 100,000 individuals worldwide.
• In [year], the incidence of [disease name] was estimated to be [number or range] cases per 100,000 individuals in [location].

Age

• Patients of all age groups may develop [disease name].

• [Disease name] is more commonly observed among patients aged [age range] years old.
• [Disease name] is more commonly observed among [elderly patients/young patients/children].

Gender

• [Disease name] affects men and women equally.

• [Gender 1] are more commonly affected with [disease name] than [gender 2].
• The [gender 1] to [Gender 2] ratio is approximately [number > 1] to 1.

Race

• There is no racial predilection for [disease name].

• [Disease name] usually affects individuals of the [race 1] race.
• [Race 2] individuals are less likely to develop [disease name].

Risk Factors

• Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] are [risk factor 1], [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4].

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

• The majority of patients with [disease name] remain asymptomatic for [duration/years].
• Early clinical features include [manifestation 1], [manifestation 2], and [manifestation 3].
• If left untreated, [#%] of patients with [disease name] may progress to develop [manifestation 1], [manifestation 2], and [manifestation 3].
• Common complications of [disease name] include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].
• Prognosis is generally [excellent/good/poor], and the [1/5/10­year mortality/survival rate] of patients with [disease name] is approximately [#%].

Diagnosis

Diagnostic Criteria

• The diagnosis of [disease name] is made when at least [number] of the following [number] diagnostic criteria are met:

• [criterion 1]
• [criterion 2]
• [criterion 3]
• [criterion 4]

Symptoms

• [Disease name] is usually asymptomatic.
• Symptoms of [disease name] may include the following:

• [symptom 1]
• [symptom 2]
• [symptom 3]
• [symptom 4]
• [symptom 5]
• [symptom 6]

Physical Examination

• Patients with [disease name] usually appear [general appearance].
• Physical examination may be remarkable for:

• [finding 1]
• [finding 2]
• [finding 3]
• [finding 4]
• [finding 5]
• [finding 6]

Laboratory Findings

• There are no specific laboratory findings associated with [disease name].

• A [positive/negative] [test name] is diagnostic of [disease name].
• An [elevated/reduced] concentration of [serum/blood/urinary/CSF/other] [lab test] is diagnostic of [disease name].
• Other laboratory findings consistent with the diagnosis of [disease name] include [abnormal test 1], [abnormal test 2], and [abnormal test 3].

Imaging Findings

• There are no [imaging study] findings associated with [disease name].

• [Imaging study 1] is the imaging modality of choice for [disease name].
• On [imaging study 1], [disease name] is characterized by [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
• [Imaging study 2] may demonstrate [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

Other Diagnostic Studies

• [Disease name] may also be diagnosed using [diagnostic study name].
• Findings on [diagnostic study name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

Treatment

Medical Therapy

• There is no treatment for [disease name]; the mainstay of therapy is supportive care.

• The mainstay of therapy for [disease name] is [medical therapy 1] and [medical therapy 2].
• [Medical therapy 1] acts by [mechanism of action 1].
• Response to [medical therapy 1] can be monitored with [test/physical finding/imaging] every [frequency/duration].

Surgery

• Surgery is the mainstay of therapy for [disease name].
• [Surgical procedure] in conjunction with [chemotherapy/radiation] is the most common approach to the treatment of [disease name].
• [Surgical procedure] can only be performed for patients with [disease stage] [disease name].

Prevention

• There are no primary preventive measures available for [disease name].

• Effective measures for the primary prevention of [disease name] include [measure1], [measure2], and [measure3].

• Once diagnosed and successfully treated, patients with [disease name] are followed-up every [duration]. Follow-up testing includes [test 1], [test 2], and [test 3].

References

Causes of Acid Indigestion by Organ System

Cardiovascular	No underlying causes
Chemical / poisoning	4-Chlorodehydromethyltestosterone, amanita phalloides, smoking, sodium dichloroisocyanurate
Dermatologic	No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect	4-Chlorodehydromethyltestosterone, adefovir, atazanavir, cholestyramine, cholestyramine Resin, colofac, duloxetine, efavirenz, emtricitabine, Epoetin Alfa Injection, Fentanyl Skin Patches, frovatriptan, imatinib, Interferon Beta-1b Injection, lithium, meropenem Injection, oxycodone and aspirin, pergolide, pramlintide injection, quetiapine, rivastigmine, simvastatin, tadalafil, Tiotropium Oral Inhalation
Ear Nose Throat	No underlying causes
Endocrine	Primary hyperparathyroidism
Environmental	Multiple chemical sensitivity
Gastroenterologic	Tropical sprue
Genetic	No underlying causes
Hematologic	No underlying causes
Iatrogenic	No underlying causes
Infectious Disease	Hookworm
Musculoskeletal / Ortho	No underlying causes
Neurologic	No underlying causes
Nutritional / Metabolic	Diabulimia, eating fatty foods, eating just before sleeping, eating spicy foods, eating too late in the evening, excess alcohol consumption, excess caffeine consumption, garlic, indian gooseberry, overeating, suillus luteus
Obstetric/Gynecologic	No underlying causes
Oncologic	Ovarian cancer
Opthalmologic	No underlying causes
Overdose / Toxicity	Niacin, Vitamin C
Psychiatric	No underlying causes
Pulmonary	No underlying causes
Renal / Electrolyte	No underlying causes
Rheum / Immune / Allergy	Oral allergy syndrome
Sexual	No underlying causes
Trauma	No underlying causes
Urologic	No underlying causes
Miscellaneous	Couvade, Gulf War syndrome, SSRI discontinuation syndrome, trichophagia

Causes of Acid Indigestion in Alphabetical Order

• 4-Chlorodehydromethyltestosterone
• Adefovir
• Amanita phalloides
• Atazanavir
• Cholestyramine
• Cholestyramine Resin
• Colofac
• Couvade
• Diabulimia
• Duloxetine
• Eating fatty foods
• Eating just before sleeping
• Eating spicy foods
• Eating too late in the evening
• Efavirenz
• Emtricitabine
• Epoetin Alfa Injection
• Excess alcohol consumption
• Excess caffeine consumption
• Fentanyl Skin Patches
• Frovatriptan
• Garlic
• Gulf War syndrome
• Hookworm
• Imatinib
• Interferon Beta-1b Injection
• Lithium
• Meropenem Injection
• Multiple chemical sensitivity
• Niacin
• Oral allergy syndrome
• Ovarian cancer
• Overeating
• Oxycodone and aspirin
• Pergolide
• Pramlintide injection
• Primary hyperparathyroidism
• Quetiapine
• Rivastigmine
• Simvastatin
• Smoking
• Sodium dichloroisocyanurate
• SSRI discontinuation syndrome
• Suillus luteus
• Tadalafil
• Tiotropium Oral Inhalation
• Trichophagia
• Tropical sprue
• Vitamin C

References

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