Silicosis natural history, complications and prognosis
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Complications
- Tuberculosis
- More recent findings show that exposure to silica, even without silicosis, may also predispose individuals to Tuberculosis[1]The increased risk of both pulmonary and extra-pulmonary TB is lifelong even after the exposure ceases[2]. The risk increases with severity of silicosis. Acute and accelerated silicosis are at increased risk compared to simple chronic. The TB rates can be extremely high in silica-exposed groups with high rates of TB and HIV in the community. In many instances, it is the chest radiograph rather than clinical features that gives the first indication of TB in the presence of silicosis.
- Aggressive treatment of active tuberculosis is indicated as high treatment failure and relapse rates were noted due to direct impairment of macrophage function by crystalline silica and poor drug penetration into silicotic lung nodules.
- Screening for latent TB and early treatment with a 9-month course of Isoniazid is recommended in people with silicosis[3]
- Mycosis:
- Silica-exposed workers (without silicosis) may be at increased risk for fungal infections, as they are for mycobacterial infections as silica dust impairs cellular defense.Aspergillosis was the most common mycosis among persons with pneumoconiosis[4], in which silica-impaired macrophages are incapable of targeting inhaled conidia [5]
- Silica-exposed workers are protected from exposure to fungi by the following measures :
- Wetting soil and bird droppings to suppress fungal-contaminated dust
- Maintaining good personal hygiene; and,
- In areas with endemic inhaled fungi, use enclosed operator cabs with high-efficiency particulate air filtration or personal respiratory protection for particulates.
- Other lung complications
- Pneumothorax
- Spontaneous pneumothorax is a rare pleural complication that can develop in patients with silicosis. Usually in these cases pneumothorax is unilateral and rarely bilateral[6] Many studies state the association of pneumothorax with the presence of bullae [7] and it can also be due to direct toxic injury by silica, products of inflammatory response affect the elastic fibres of the alveolar wall leading to formation of bleb [8]
- Lung cancer[9]
- LTB4 production by mast cells and macrophages independent of inflammasome activation, this irreversible lung inflammatory disease may eventually lead to lung cancer
- Renal disease
- silica-induced nephropathy has been associated with both glomerular and tubular dysfunction. The hypotheses for the pathophysiology of silica’s effect on the kidney include either a direct toxic effect on the kidney or as an adjuvant to enhance an immunologic mechanism[10]
- Rheumatic disease:
- Silica exposure effects are not just limited to the lungs, it also has a relationship with some rheumatic diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) , scleroderma , systemic lupus erythematosus , Wegener’s granulomatosis and polyarteritis nodosa[11]
- The association with scleroderma and silicosis is known as Erasmus syndrome and that with rheumatoid arthritis is known as Caplan’s syndrome[12]
References
- ↑ Cowie RL (1994). "The epidemiology of tuberculosis in gold miners with silicosis". Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 150 (5 Pt 1): 1460–2. doi:10.1164/ajrccm.150.5.7952577. PMID 7952577.
- ↑ Hnizdo E, Murray J (1998). "Risk of pulmonary tuberculosis relative to silicosis and exposure to silica dust in South African gold miners". Occup Environ Med. 55 (7): 496–502. PMC 1757613. PMID 9816385.
- ↑ "Adverse effects of crystalline silica exposure. American Thoracic Society Committee of the Scientific Assembly on Environmental and Occupational Health". Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 155 (2): 761–8. 1997. doi:10.1164/ajrccm.155.2.9032226. PMID 9032226.
- ↑ Kato T, Usami I, Morita H, Goto M, Hosoda M, Nakamura A; et al. (2002). "Chronic necrotizing pulmonary aspergillosis in pneumoconiosis: clinical and radiologic findings in 10 patients". Chest. 121 (1): 118–27. PMID 11796440.
- ↑ Segal BH (2007). "Role of macrophages in host defense against aspergillosis and strategies for immune augmentation". Oncologist. 12 Suppl 2: 7–13. doi:10.1634/theoncologist.12-S2-7. PMID 18039634.
- ↑ Mishra P, Jacob SE, Basu D, Panigrahi MK, Govindaraj V (2014). "Bilateral spontaneous pneumothorax in chronic silicosis: a case report". Case Rep Pathol. 2014: 561861. doi:10.1155/2014/561861. PMC 3976776. PMID 24744938.
- ↑ Mohebbi I, Hassani E, Salarilak S, Bahrami AR (2007). "Do bullae and emphysema increase risk of pneumothorax in silicosis?". J Occup Med Toxicol. 2: 8. doi:10.1186/1745-6673-2-8. PMC 2071907. PMID 17868470.
- ↑ Gupta KB, Manchanda M, Kaur P (2006). "Bilateral spontaneous pneumothorax in silicosis". Indian J Chest Dis Allied Sci. 48 (3): 201–3. PMID 18610678.
- ↑ Brown T (2009). "Silica exposure, smoking, silicosis and lung cancer--complex interactions". Occup Med (Lond). 59 (2): 89–95. doi:10.1093/occmed/kqn171. PMID 19233828.
- ↑ Millerick-May ML, Schrauben S, Reilly MJ, Rosenman KD (2015). "Silicosis and chronic renal disease". Am J Ind Med. 58 (7): 730–6. doi:10.1002/ajim.22465. PMID [ 25940153 [ Check
|pmid=value (help). - ↑ De Vuyst P, Camus P (2000). "The past and present of pneumoconioses". Curr Opin Pulm Med. 6 (2): 151–6. PMID 10741776.
- ↑ de Miranda AA, Nascimento AC, Peixoto IL, Scrignoli JA, Cardoso Mdo S, Ribeiro SL (2013). "Erasmus syndrome: silicosis and systemic sclerosis". Rev Bras Reumatol. 53 (3): 310–3. PMID 24051915.