Pyelonephritis risk factors

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Overview

Common risk factors in the development of pyelonephritis include renal calculi, urinary tract catheterization, pregnancy, diabetes mellitus, and benign prostatic hyperplasia.

Risk Factors

Risk is increased in the following situations:^[1]

Mechanical/Anatomical

Any structural abnormalities of the kidneys and the urinary tract can lead to abnormal accumulation of bacteria that can ascend to the kidneys to cause pyelonephritis.

Urine can also back up, or reflux, into one or both kidneys. This problem, which is called vesicoureteral reflux (VUR), happens when the valve mechanism that normally prevents backward flow of urine is not working properly. VUR is most commonly diagnosed during childhood.

Kidney Stones calculi
Horseshoe kidney
Ureterocele
urinary tract catheterization
urinary tract stents or drainage procedures (e.g. nephrostomy)
pregnancy
neuropathic bladder (e.g. due to spinal cord damage, spina bifida or multiple sclerosis)
prostate disease (e.g. benign prostatic hyperplasia) in men

Constitutional

General/Behavioral

change in sexual partner within the last year,
spermicide use
Positive family history (close family members with frequent urination)
Young women are most likely to be affected, traditionally reflecting sexual activity in that age group.
Infants and the elderly are also at increased risk, reflecting anatomical abnormalities and hormonal status.^[2]

References

↑ Scholes D, Hooton TM, Roberts PL, Gupta K, Stapleton AE, Stamm WE (2005). "Risk factors associated with acute pyelonephritis in healthy women". Ann. Intern. Med. 142 (1): 20–7. PMID 15630106.
↑ Czaja CA, Scholes D, Hooton TM, Stamm WE (2007). "Population-based epidemiologic analysis of acute pyelonephritis". Clin. Infect. Dis. 45 (3): 273–80. doi:10.1086/519268. PMID 17599303.

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[1] Scholes D, Hooton TM, Roberts PL, Gupta K, Stapleton AE, Stamm WE (2005). "Risk factors associated with acute pyelonephritis in healthy women". Ann. Intern. Med. 142 (1): 20–7. PMID 15630106.

[2] Czaja CA, Scholes D, Hooton TM, Stamm WE (2007). "Population-based epidemiologic analysis of acute pyelonephritis". Clin. Infect. Dis. 45 (3): 273–80. doi:10.1086/519268. PMID 17599303.

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