Pyelonephritis risk factors

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Overview

Common risk factors in the development of pyelonephritis include renal calculi, urinary tract catheterization, pregnancy, diabetes mellitus, and benign prostatic hyperplasia.

Risk Factors

Risk is increased in the following situations:^[1]

Mechanical/Anatomical

Any structural abnormalities of the kidneys and the urinary tract can lead to abnormal accumulation of bacteria that can ascend to the kidneys to cause pyelonephritis.^[2]

Kidney Stones calculi
vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) abnormality in the mechanism that normally prevents backward flow or reflux of urine. VUR is most commonly diagnosed during childhood.
pregnancy
urinary tract catheterization or stents
drainage procedures (e.g. nephrostomy)
prostate disease (e.g. benign prostatic hyperplasia) in men
Polycystic Kidney
Horseshoe kidney
Ureterocele
neuropathic bladder (e.g. due to spinal cord damage, spina bifida or multiple sclerosis)

Foreign Body

Urinary catheters
Calculus

Constitutional

General/Behavioral

change in sexual partner within the last year,
spermicide use
Positive family history (close family members with frequent urination)
Young women are most likely to be affected, traditionally reflecting sexual activity in that age group.
Infants and the elderly are also at increased risk, reflecting anatomical abnormalities and hormonal status.^[3]

References

↑ Scholes D, Hooton TM, Roberts PL, Gupta K, Stapleton AE, Stamm WE (2005). "Risk factors associated with acute pyelonephritis in healthy women". Ann. Intern. Med. 142 (1): 20–7. PMID 15630106.
↑ Ramakrishnan K, Scheid DC (2005). "Diagnosis and management of acute pyelonephritis in adults". Am Fam Physician. 71 (5): 933–42. PMID 15768623.
↑ Czaja CA, Scholes D, Hooton TM, Stamm WE (2007). "Population-based epidemiologic analysis of acute pyelonephritis". Clin. Infect. Dis. 45 (3): 273–80. doi:10.1086/519268. PMID 17599303.

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[1] Scholes D, Hooton TM, Roberts PL, Gupta K, Stapleton AE, Stamm WE (2005). "Risk factors associated with acute pyelonephritis in healthy women". Ann. Intern. Med. 142 (1): 20–7. PMID 15630106.

[pmid15768623-2] Ramakrishnan K, Scheid DC (2005). "Diagnosis and management of acute pyelonephritis in adults". Am Fam Physician. 71 (5): 933–42. PMID 15768623.

[3] Czaja CA, Scholes D, Hooton TM, Stamm WE (2007). "Population-based epidemiologic analysis of acute pyelonephritis". Clin. Infect. Dis. 45 (3): 273–80. doi:10.1086/519268. PMID 17599303.

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