Systemic lupus erythematosus historical perspective
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Mahshid Mir, M.D. [2]
Overview
The word "lupus" means wolf in Latin, as the destructive injuries the disease caused brought to mind the bites of this animal. The history of lupus erythematosus can be divided into three periods: Classical, neoclassical, and modern periods.[1] The classical history mostly refer to the ancient history, when there was no exact definition of the disease and its facts. During the neoclassical lupus era, scientists were investigating to find out the manifestations of lupus and tried to define the disease action. Modern history is mostly focused on the microscopical understanding of the disease and pathogenesis of SLE.
Discovery
The word "lupus" means wolf in Latin, as the destructive injuries the disease caused brought to mind the bites of this animal. The history of lupus erythematosus can be divided into three periods: Classical, neoclassical, and modern periods.[1] The classical history mostly refer to the ancient history, when there was no exact definition of the disease and its facts. During the neoclassical lupus era, scientists were investigating to find out the manifestations of lupus and tried to define the disease action. Modern history is mostly focused on the microscopical understanding of the disease and pathogenesis of SLE.
Classical History
- In ancient times it was believed that lupus patients could turn into wolfs especially during the exposure to sunlight, which later was found to be due to lupus photosensitivity.[2]
- Hippocrates was the first who used the phrase "herpes esthiomenos", which was a definition for lupus lesions and thus Hippocrates is considered the first to have described cutaneous ulceration of the disease.[3][4]
Neoclassical History
- In 1230 A.D. Rogerius Frugardi was the first to describe erosive facial lesions and used the term lupus for the first time scientifically.[3]
- In 1530 A.D. Giovanni Manardi (1530 ad) used the same pattern of ulceration to describe the lower extremity lesions and called it lupus as well.
- In late 18th century, Robert Willan, a British dermatologist, was the first to describe the destructive lesions of the face and nose under the heading of lupus. Lupus willani which is the cutaneous tuberculosis or lupus vulgaris is named after him.
- In 1845, Ferdinand von Hebra described an aggressive skin lesion with tissue destructive characteristics. Later in 1866, Ferdinand von Hebra used the "butterfly" to describe what is known as malar rash. He named the condition initially as seborrhea congestiva.[5]
- In 1833, Laurent Theodore Biett was the first one to describe lupus erythematosus, although he called it erythema centrifugum. Later his student, Pierre Louis Alphee Cazenave, published Biett's work.[6]
- In 1851, Cazenave was the first to complete the description of discoid lupus. He called it "lupus erythematosus".
- In 1872, Kaposi was the first to describe the systemic signs of the disorder including arthritis, fever, anemia, lymphadenopathy, and weight loss.
- Kaposi and Cazenave were the first ones who clearly distinguished lupus erythematosus from lupus vulgaris or cutaneous tuberculosis, although both diseases may coexist in some patients.
- In the late 19th century, Sir William Osler was the first to coin the term systemic lupus erythematosus. He discussed systemic complications of “erythema exsudativum multiforme” include cardiac, pulmonary, and renal problems as well as cutaneous lesions.[5]
- In the late 19th century, Jonathan Hutchinson was the first to describe the photosensitive nature of the malar rash.
- In 1902, Sequira and Balean were the first to describe acroasphyxia, or Raynaud phenomenon, and lupus nephritis.
- In 1908, Alfred Kraus and Carl Bohac were the first to describe pulmonary involvement in lupus.
- In 1923, Emanuel Libman and Benjamin Sacks were the first to describe noninfectious endocarditis due to lupus.[7]
Modern History
- In the early 20th century, George Belote and H.S. Ratner were the first to describe endocarditis of Libman-Sacks as a manifestation of the disease even without cutaneous involvement. They changed the common idea of the necessity of cutaneous involvement for the diagnosis of lupus.
- In 1935, Paul Klemperer, George Baehr, and A.D. Pollack were the first to describe wire loop nephritis.
- In 1959, Leonardt, Arnett, and Schulman were the first to describe the familial aggregation of lupus and concordance in monozygotic twins.
- In 1906, Wasserman was the first to describe a complement-fixing antibody that reacted with extracts from bovine hearts while trying to develop a serologic test for syphilis. The corresponding antigen, later was identified as cardiolipin.[7]
- In 1948, Malcolm Hargraves discovered the lupus erythematosus (LE) cell. He observed two unusual phenomena in several bone marrow preparations while adding the serum from patients with lupus erythematosus to bone marrow preparations from normal subjects.[8]
- In 1954, Miescher and Fauconnet observed that absorption of lupus serum with nuclei prevented its ability to induce the LE cell phenomenon, suggesting that a globulin in the serum was reacting with, or destroying, the nuclei.[8]
- In 1954, researchers at the Cleveland Clinic were the first to describe drug-induced lupus erythematosus with the antihypertensive drug, hydralazine.[9]
- in 1958, George Friou discovered that the substance in the serum of patients with lupus erythematosus that reacted to the nuclei of cells was gamma globulin. He also discovered that the target in the nucleus was the complex of DNA and histones. He described the indirect immunoflourescence test to detect antinuclear antibodies. Autoantibodies like nuclear ribonucleoprotein (nRNP), Smith, Ro, La, and anticardiolipin antibodies were discovered based on his primary work.[9]
- In 1959, a breakthrough in the understanding of lupus was made by the discovery of a lethal kidney disease in Otago Medical School in New Zealand. It provided many insights of disease mechanisms in immunopathogenesis of auto-antibody formation, immunologic tolerance, and the development of glomerulonephritis in lupus as well. It also led to better evaluation of newer therapeutic agents in lupus erythematosus.[4]
- In 1971, the first classification criteria was established.
- In 1982, the criteria were revised by the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) to incorporate new advances in serologic testing (ANA and anti-dsDNA) and improved biostatistical techniques.[4][7]
- In 2012, the Systemic Lupus Collaborating Clinics (SLICC) revised and validated the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) SLE classification criteria in order to improve clinical relevance, meet stringent methodology requirements, and incorporate new knowledge in SLE immunology.[4]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Blotzer JW (1983). "Systemic lupus erythematosus I: historical aspects". Md State Med J. 32 (6): 439–41. PMID 6348430.
- ↑ Holubar K (1980). "Terminology and iconography of lupus erythematosus. A historical vignette". Am J Dermatopathol. 2 (3): 239–42. PMID 7020464.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Karrar A, Ai-Dalaan A (1994). "Systemic lupus erythematosus for general practitioners: a literature review". J Family Community Med. 1 (1): 19–29. PMC 3437177. PMID 23008531.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Smith CD, Cyr M (1988). "The history of lupus erythematosus. From Hippocrates to Osler". Rheum. Dis. Clin. North Am. 14 (1): 1–14. PMID 3041483.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Arnett FC, Shulman LE (1976). "Studies in familial systemic lupus erythematosus". Medicine (Baltimore). 55 (4): 313–22. PMID 781465.
- ↑ Scofield RH, Oates J (2009). "The place of William Osler in the description of systemic lupus erythematosus". Am. J. Med. Sci. 338 (5): 409–12. doi:10.1097/MAJ.0b013e3181acbd71. PMC 2783313. PMID 19826244.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 MOORE JE, SHULMAN LE, SCOTT JT (1956). "The natural history of systemic lupus erythematosus: an approach to its study through chronic biologic false positive reactors: interim report". Trans. Am. Clin. Climatol. Assoc. 68: 59–67, discussion 67–8. PMC 2248934. PMID 13486608.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Hargraves MM (1969). "Discovery of the LE cell and its morphology". Mayo Clin. Proc. 44 (9): 579–99. PMID 4186059.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 RUSSELL B (1955). "The history of lupus vulgaris: its recognition, nature, treatment and prevention". Proc. R. Soc. Med. 48 (2): 127–32. PMC 1919015. PMID 14357321.