Multiple sclerosis differential diagnosis

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Differentiating multiple sclerosis from other diseases

Multiple sclerosis must be differentiated from other diseases that can mimic this disease clinically or radiologically such as:

Systemic immune-mediated diseases:

• systemic lupus erythematosus
• Behçet’s disease
• sarcoidosis

Noninflammatory vascular syndromes:

• Binswanger’s disease
• Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarct and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL)
• Mitochondrial encephalopathies

Other demyelinating diseases:

• Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM)
• Neuromyelitis optica (NMO)
• Central pontine myelinolysis (CPM)

Infectious Diseases:

• Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML)
• Human T-Cell leukemia virus 1 (HTLV1) Infection
• Lyme disease

Metabolic diseases

• Leukodystrophies