Cervical cancer epidemiology and demographics
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Rim Halaby, M.D. [2]
Overview
Worldwide, cervical cancer is the third most common cancer among women and the second most frequent cause of cancer-related death, accounting for nearly 300,000 deaths annually.[1] In developing nations, it is often the most common cause of cancer-related death among women and a leading cause of death overall.[1] Once one of the most common cancers affecting U.S. women, cervical cancer now ranks 14th in frequency.[1] Because precancerous lesions found by Pap smears can be treated and cured before they develop into cancer, and because cervical cancer is often detected before it becomes advanced, the incidence and death rates for this disease are relatively low.[1] According to the most recent data, the age-adjusted incidence rate for cervical cancer was 6.73 cases per 100,000 women in the United States in 2011.[2]
Epidemiology and Demographics
Prevalence
Incidence
Age
Race
API: Asian/Pacific Islander; AI/AN: American Indian/ Alaska Native
Developed Countries
- As recently as the 1940s, cervical cancer was a major cause of death among women of childbearing age in the United States. However, with the introduction in the 1950s of the Papanicolaou (Pap) smear, a simple test in which a sample of cervical cells is examined under a microscope to detect cellular abnormalities, the incidence of invasive cervical cancer declined dramatically. Between 1955 and 1992, U.S. cervical cancer incidence and death rates declined by more than 60%. Once one of the most common cancers affecting U.S. women, cervical cancer now ranks 14th in frequency. Because precancerous lesions found by Pap smears can be treated and cured before they develop into cancer, and because cervical cancer is often detected before it becomes advanced, the incidence and death rates for this disease are relatively low.[1]
- In certain populations and geographic areas of the United States, cervical cancer incidence and death rates are still high, due in large part to limited access to cervical cancer screening.[1]
- In the United Kingdom, cervical cancer ranks 12 among the different types of cancer in women, and ranks third in gynecological cancer after ovarian cancer and uterine cancer. Among women less than 35 years of age in the United Kingdom, cervical cancer is the most common type of cancer.[3]
Developing Countries
In developing nations, cervical cancer is often the most common cause of cancer-related death among women and a leading cause of death overall.[1] Rates of cervical cancer are high in developing nations, where more than 80% of cervical cancer cases occur.[1]
Percent Distribution of Cervical Cancer by Histology
Among patients with histologically confirmed cases of cervical cancer, the percent distribution of the types of the disease between 2007 and 2011 in the United States are:[2]
- Carcinoma: 98.1%
- Epidermoid carcinoma: 66.1%
- Squamous cell carcinoma: 45.2%
- Squamous cell, keratinizing: 7.1%
- Squamous cell, non keratinizing: 8.9%
- Squamous cell, microinvasive: 3.3%
- Other: 1.5%
- Adenocarcinoma: 27,7%
- Adenocarcinoma no otherwise specified: 14.5%
- Adenosquamous: 3.7%
- Other adenocarcinoma: 9.5%
- Other specific carcinoma: 1.5%
- Unspecified carcinoma: 2.9%
- Epidermoid carcinoma: 66.1%
- Sarcoma: 0.4%
- Other specific types: 1%
- Unspecified: 0.6%
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 Cancer advances in focus. Cervical cancer. national cancer institute
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Garshell J, Miller D, Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Yu M, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z,Mariotto A, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA (eds). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2011, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2011/, based on November 2013 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2014.
- ↑ http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/cancer-info/cancerstats/keyfacts/cervical-cancer/ Cancer Research UK. Cervical cancer key facts.]