Toxic megacolon
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Farima Kahe M.D. [2]
Synonyms and keywords: Megacolon toxicum; Toxic colitis
Overview
Toxic megacolon results from severe inflammation extending into the smooth-muscle layer and paralyses the colonic smooth muscle leading to dilatation. The extent of dilatation associated with the depth of inflammation and ulceration. Nitric oxide, an inhibitor of smooth-muscle tone, has an important role in the pathogenesis of toxic megacolon. Nitric oxide is produced by neutrophils and smooth-muscle cells in the inflamed colon. The most common cause of toxic megacolon include inflammatory bowel disease and Clostridium difficile pseudomembranous colitis.
Historical Perspective
Pathophysiology
Causes
Differentiating Toxic Megacolon from other Diseases
Epidemiology and Demographics
Risk Factors
Natural History, Complications and Prognosis
Diagnosis
History and Symptoms | Physical Examination | Laboratory Findings | Abdominal X Ray | CT | MRI | Other Imaging Findings | Other Diagnostic Studies
Treatment
Medical Therapy | Surgery | Primary Prevention | Secondary Prevention | Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy | Future or Investigational Therapies