Heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins), which integrate signals between receptors and effector proteins, are composed of an alpha, a beta, and a gamma subunit. These subunits are encoded by families of related genes. This gene encodes a beta subunit. Beta subunits are important regulators of alpha subunits, as well as of certain signal transduction receptors and effectors. This gene uses alternative polyadenylation signals.[1][2]
Interactive pathway map
Click on genes, proteins and metabolites below to link to respective articles.[§ 1]
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↑Ogorodnikov A, Levin M, Tattikota S, Tokalov S, Hoque M, Scherzinger D, Marini F, Poetsch A, Binder H, Macher-Göppinger S, Probst HC, Tian B, Schaefer M, Lackner KJ, Westermann F, Danckwardt S (December 2018). "Transcriptome 3'end organization by PCF11 links alternative polyadenylation to formation and neuronal differentiation of neuroblastoma". Nat. Commun. 9 (1): 5331. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-07580-5. PMID30552333.
↑Ray K, Kunsch C, Bonner LM, Robishaw JD (September 1995). "Isolation of cDNA clones encoding eight different human G protein gamma subunits, including three novel forms designated the gamma 4, gamma 10, and gamma 11 subunits". J. Biol. Chem. 270 (37): 21765–71. doi:10.1074/jbc.270.37.21765. PMID7665596.
↑Yan K, Kalyanaraman V, Gautam N (March 1996). "Differential ability to form the G protein betagamma complex among members of the beta and gamma subunit families". J. Biol. Chem. 271 (12): 7141–6. doi:10.1074/jbc.271.12.7141. PMID8636150.
Levine MA, Modi WS, O'Brien SJ (1990). "Chromosomal localization of the genes encoding two forms of the G protein beta polypeptide, beta 1 and beta 3, in man". Genomics. 8 (2): 380–6. doi:10.1016/0888-7543(90)90296-7. PMID1979057.
Codina J, Stengel D, Woo SL, Birnbaumer L (1986). "Beta-subunits of the human liver Gs/Gi signal-transducing proteins and those of bovine retinal rod cell transducin are identical". FEBS Lett. 207 (2): 187–92. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(86)81486-7. PMID3095147.
Buhl AM, Osawa S, Johnson GL (1995). "Mitogen-activated protein kinase activation requires two signal inputs from the human anaphylatoxin C5a receptor". J. Biol. Chem. 270 (34): 19828–32. doi:10.1074/jbc.270.34.19828. PMID7649993.
Ray K, Kunsch C, Bonner LM, Robishaw JD (1995). "Isolation of cDNA clones encoding eight different human G protein gamma subunits, including three novel forms designated the gamma 4, gamma 10, and gamma 11 subunits". J. Biol. Chem. 270 (37): 21765–71. doi:10.1074/jbc.270.37.21765. PMID7665596.
Kozasa T, Gilman AG (1995). "Purification of recombinant G proteins from Sf9 cells by hexahistidine tagging of associated subunits. Characterization of alpha 12 and inhibition of adenylyl cyclase by alpha z". J. Biol. Chem. 270 (4): 1734–41. doi:10.1074/jbc.270.4.1734. PMID7829508.
Ueda N, Iñiguez-Lluhi JA, Lee E, Smrcka AV, Robishaw JD, Gilman AG (1994). "G protein beta gamma subunits. Simplified purification and properties of novel isoforms". J. Biol. Chem. 269 (6): 4388–95. PMID8308009.
Wall MA, Coleman DE, Lee E, Iñiguez-Lluhi JA, Posner BA, Gilman AG, Sprang SR (1995). "The structure of the G protein heterotrimer Gi alpha 1 beta 1 gamma 2". Cell. 83 (6): 1047–58. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(95)90220-1. PMID8521505.
Sondek J, Bohm A, Lambright DG, Hamm HE, Sigler PB (1996). "Crystal structure of a G-protein beta gamma dimer at 2.1A resolution". Nature. 379 (6563): 369–74. doi:10.1038/379369a0. PMID8552196.
Andersson B, Wentland MA, Ricafrente JY, Liu W, Gibbs RA (1996). "A "double adaptor" method for improved shotgun library construction". Anal. Biochem. 236 (1): 107–13. doi:10.1006/abio.1996.0138. PMID8619474.
Mattingly RR, Macara IG (1996). "Phosphorylation-dependent activation of the Ras-GRF/CDC25Mm exchange factor by muscarinic receptors and G-protein beta gamma subunits". Nature. 382 (6588): 268–72. doi:10.1038/382268a0. PMID8717044.
De Waard M, Liu H, Walker D, Scott VE, Gurnett CA, Campbell KP (1997). "Direct binding of G-protein betagamma complex to voltage-dependent calcium channels". Nature. 385 (6615): 446–50. doi:10.1038/385446a0. PMID9009193.
Huang CL, Jan YN, Jan LY (1997). "Binding of the G protein betagamma subunit to multiple regions of G protein-gated inward-rectifying K+ channels". FEBS Lett. 405 (3): 291–8. doi:10.1016/S0014-5793(97)00197-X. PMID9108307.
Nishida K, Kaziro Y, Satoh T (1999). "Association of the proto-oncogene product dbl with G protein betagamma subunits". FEBS Lett. 459 (2): 186–90. doi:10.1016/S0014-5793(99)01244-2. PMID10518015.
Huang L, Shanker YG, Dubauskaite J, Zheng JZ, Yan W, Rosenzweig S, Spielman AI, Max M, Margolskee RF (1999). "Ggamma13 colocalizes with gustducin in taste receptor cells and mediates IP3 responses to bitter denatonium". Nat. Neurosci. 2 (12): 1055–62. doi:10.1038/15981. PMID10570481.
Carman CV, Barak LS, Chen C, Liu-Chen LY, Onorato JJ, Kennedy SP, Caron MG, Benovic JL (2000). "Mutational analysis of Gbetagamma and phospholipid interaction with G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2". J. Biol. Chem. 275 (14): 10443–52. doi:10.1074/jbc.275.14.10443. PMID10744734.
