Multiple sclerosis causes
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
Multiple sclerosis may be caused by different categories of causes include: Autoimmunity, genetic, infectious and degeneration.
Causes
Multiple sclerosis may be caused by:
Autoimmunity:
The main hypothesis regarding MS etiology is that it is caused by an autoimmune reaction against central nervous system (CNS).[1] Self reactive T cells which has been activated by a foreign (virus for example) or native factor, will attack the myelin sheath around the neurons.[2] Presents of autoreactive T cells and myelin basic protein-specific CD4+ T cells in the peripheral blood smear of MS patients supports the autoimmune hypothesis.[3] [4]
Genetic:
There is some evidence proving genetic involvement in onset of MS so that it increases the risk of developing MS from 0.1% in general population to 3% in those who have siblings with MS and 25% in those with a monozygote twin affected.[5] HLA alleles seems to have a huge relationship with MS susceptibility.[6]
Infectious:
Infections including Epstein-Barr virus, chlamydia and herpes virus 6 seems to have some relations to MS based on finding pathogenic proteins and nucleic acids in post_mortem patients.[7][8][9]
Degeneration:
In progressive form of MS, axonal degeneration and cortical atrophy are more prominent rather than contrast- enhancing lesions.[10] Therefore there is an idea in which degeneration is an entirely separate cause in pathology of multiple sclerosis.[11]
References
- ↑ Compston A, Coles A (2008). "Multiple sclerosis". Lancet. 372 (9648): 1502–17. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61620-7. PMID 18970977.
- ↑ Korn T (2008). "Pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis". J. Neurol. 255 Suppl 6: 2–6. doi:10.1007/s00415-008-6001-2. PMID 19300953.
- ↑ Pette M, Fujita K, Kitze B, Whitaker JN, Albert E, Kappos L, Wekerle H (1990). "Myelin basic protein-specific T lymphocyte lines from MS patients and healthy individuals". Neurology. 40 (11): 1770–6. PMID 1700336.
- ↑ Bielekova B, Goodwin B, Richert N, Cortese I, Kondo T, Afshar G, Gran B, Eaton J, Antel J, Frank JA, McFarland HF, Martin R (2000). "Encephalitogenic potential of the myelin basic protein peptide (amino acids 83-99) in multiple sclerosis: results of a phase II clinical trial with an altered peptide ligand". Nat. Med. 6 (10): 1167–75. doi:10.1038/80516. PMID 11017150.
- ↑ Dessa Sadovnick A (2002). "The genetics of multiple sclerosis". Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 104 (3): 199–202. PMID 12127654.
- ↑ Ramagopalan SV, Dyment DA (2011). "What is Next for the Genetics of Multiple Sclerosis?". Autoimmune Dis. 2011: 519450. doi:10.4061/2011/519450. PMC 3085300. PMID 21541245.
- ↑ Sriram S, Mitchell W, Stratton C (1998). "Multiple sclerosis associated with Chlamydia pneumoniae infection of the CNS". Neurology. 50 (2): 571–2. PMID 9484408.
- ↑ Soldan SS, Jacobson S (2001). "Role of viruses in etiology and pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis". Adv. Virus Res. 56: 517–55. PMID 11450311.
- ↑ Mechelli R, Manzari C, Policano C, Annese A, Picardi E, Umeton R, Fornasiero A, D'Erchia AM, Buscarinu MC, Agliardi C, Annibali V, Serafini B, Rosicarelli B, Romano S, Angelini DF, Ricigliano VA, Buttari F, Battistini L, Centonze D, Guerini FR, D'Alfonso S, Pesole G, Salvetti M, Ristori G (2015). "Epstein-Barr virus genetic variants are associated with multiple sclerosis". Neurology. 84 (13): 1362–8. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000001420. PMC 4388746. PMID 25740864.
- ↑ Friese MA, Schattling B, Fugger L (2014). "Mechanisms of neurodegeneration and axonal dysfunction in multiple sclerosis". Nat Rev Neurol. 10 (4): 225–38. doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2014.37. PMID 24638138.
- ↑ Kutzelnigg A, Lucchinetti CF, Stadelmann C, Brück W, Rauschka H, Bergmann M, Schmidbauer M, Parisi JE, Lassmann H (2005). "Cortical demyelination and diffuse white matter injury in multiple sclerosis". Brain. 128 (Pt 11): 2705–12. doi:10.1093/brain/awh641. PMID 16230320.