Oral cancer natural history, complications and prognosis
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1];Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Simrat Sarai, M.D. [2]
Overview
Depending on the extent of the tumor at the time of diagnosis, the prognosis may vary. The 5-year survival rate for oral cancer diagnosed early is 75% compared to 20% for oral cancer diagnosed late.
Prognosis
- The prognosis (chance of recovery) depends on the following:
- Stage of the cancer.
- Number and size of lymph nodes with cancer.
- HPV infection of the oropharynx.
- smoking history more than ten pack years.
- 5-year survival rate for oral cancer:
- Diagnosed early is 75%
- Diagnosed late is 20%
- Cure rate :
- 90% - If cancer is found early and before it has spread to other tissues.
- More than half of oral cancers have spread when the cancer is detected. Most have spread to the throat or neck.[1] With early detection and timely treatment, deaths from oral cancer could be dramatically reduced. The 5-year survival rate for those with localized disease at diagnosis is 83 percent compared with only 32 percent for those whose cancer has spread to other parts of the body.
Complications
- Direct surgical complications include infection, bleeding, aspiration, wound breakdown, flap loss, and fistula.
- Complications of chemotherapy includes the following:[2]
- Neurotoxicity- This complication is a side effect of certain classes of drugs, such as the vinca alkaloids.
- Bleeding
- Complications of radiation therapy includes the following:[3]
- Complications common to both chemotherapy and radiation include the following:[4]
- Oral mucositis
- Chronic dysphagia
- Anemia
- Pharyngocutaneous fistula
- Aspiration
- Infections such as viral, bacterial, and fungal that results from myelosuppression, xerostomia, and damage to the mucosa from radiotherapy or chemotherapy
- Xerostomia
- Functional disabilities such as impaired ability to swallow, eat, taste and speak because of trismus, dry mouth, mucositis, and infection
- Nutritional compromise such as poor nutrition from eating difficulties caused by dry mouth, mucositis, dysphagia, and loss of taste.
- Abnormal dental development
- Altered tooth development, craniofacial growth, or skeletal development in children secondary to high doses of chemotherapy and radiotherapy before age 9.
References
- ↑ "National Library of Medicine prognosis of oral cancer".
- ↑ Pauloski BR, Rademaker AW, Logemann JA, Colangelo LA (1998). "Speech and swallowing in irradiated and nonirradiated postsurgical oral cancer patients". Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 118 (5): 616–24. doi:10.1177/019459989811800509. PMID 9591859.
- ↑ Gomez DR, Zhung JE, Gomez J, Chan K, Wu AJ, Wolden SL; et al. (2009). "Intensity-modulated radiotherapy in postoperative treatment of oral cavity cancers". Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 73 (4): 1096–103. doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2008.05.024. PMID 18707827.
- ↑ Oh HK, Chambers MS, Martin JW, Lim HJ, Park HJ (2009). "Osteoradionecrosis of the mandible: treatment outcomes and factors influencing the progress of osteoradionecrosis". J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 67 (7): 1378–86. doi:10.1016/j.joms.2009.02.008. PMID 19531406.