Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis risk factors

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Ahmed Elsaiey, MBBCH [2]

Overview

Risk Factors

Common risk factors

Common risk factors of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis include the following:
- Cigarette smoking:^[1]
  - Is the most important risk factor for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis even years after cessation
- Gene mutations:
  - Genetic mutations showed increase risk in development of pulmonary fibrosis. Mutations include the following genes:^[2]^[3]^[4]
    - hTERT and hTR
    - MUC5B
    - TERT
    - TERC
    - RTEL1
    - PARN
    - DKC1
    - TINF2
    - SFTPC
    - SFTPA2
    - ABCA3
- Family history of members had interstitial lung fibrosis^[5]

Less common risk factors

Less common risk factors of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis include the following:
- Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD):^[6]
  - GERD and aspiration can be considered as risk factor for development of pulmonary fibrosis
- Wood dust
- Viral infections like herpes virus infection and Ebstien barr virus^[7]

References

↑ Baumgartner KB, Samet JM, Stidley CA, Colby TV, Waldron JA (1997). "Cigarette smoking: a risk factor for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis". Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 155 (1): 242–8. doi:10.1164/ajrccm.155.1.9001319. PMID 9001319.
↑ Wolters PJ, Blackwell TS, Eickelberg O, Loyd JE, Kaminski N, Jenkins G; et al. (2018). "Time for a change: is idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis still idiopathic and only fibrotic?". Lancet Respir Med. 6 (2): 154–160. doi:10.1016/S2213-2600(18)30007-9. PMID 29413083.
↑ Armanios, Mary Y.; Chen, Julian J.-L.; Cogan, Joy D.; Alder, Jonathan K.; Ingersoll, Roxann G.; Markin, Cheryl; Lawson, William E.; Xie, Mingyi; Vulto, Irma; Phillips, John A.; Lansdorp, Peter M.; Greider, Carol W.; Loyd, James E. (2007). "Telomerase Mutations in Families with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis". New England Journal of Medicine. 356 (13): 1317–1326. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa066157. ISSN 0028-4793.
↑ Noth, Imre; Zhang, Yingze; Ma, Shwu-Fan; Flores, Carlos; Barber, Mathew; Huang, Yong; Broderick, Steven M; Wade, Michael S; Hysi, Pirro; Scuirba, Joseph; Richards, Thomas J; Juan-Guardela, Brenda M; Vij, Rekha; Han, MeiLan K; Martinez, Fernando J; Kossen, Karl; Seiwert, Scott D; Christie, Jason D; Nicolae, Dan; Kaminski, Naftali; Garcia, Joe GN (2013). "Genetic variants associated with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis susceptibility and mortality: a genome-wide association study". The Lancet Respiratory Medicine. 1 (4): 309–317. doi:10.1016/S2213-2600(13)70045-6. ISSN 2213-2600.
↑ Steele MP, Speer MC, Loyd JE, Brown KK, Herron A, Slifer SH; et al. (2005). "Clinical and pathologic features of familial interstitial pneumonia". Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 172 (9): 1146–52. doi:10.1164/rccm.200408-1104OC. PMC 2718398. PMID 16109978.
↑ Tobin RW, Pope CE, Pellegrini CA, Emond MJ, Sillery J, Raghu G (1998). "Increased prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis". Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 158 (6): 1804–8. doi:10.1164/ajrccm.158.6.9804105. PMID 9847271.
↑ Lawson, William E.; Crossno, Peter F.; Polosukhin, Vasiliy V.; Roldan, Juan; Cheng, Dong-Sheng; Lane, Kirk B.; Blackwell, Thomas R.; Xu, Carol; Markin, Cheryl; Ware, Lorraine B.; Miller, Geraldine G.; Loyd, James E.; Blackwell, Timothy S. (2008). "Endoplasmic reticulum stress in alveolar epithelial cells is prominent in IPF: association with altered surfactant protein processing and herpesvirus infection". American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology. 294 (6): L1119–L1126. doi:10.1152/ajplung.00382.2007. ISSN 1040-0605.

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[pmid9001319-1] Baumgartner KB, Samet JM, Stidley CA, Colby TV, Waldron JA (1997). "Cigarette smoking: a risk factor for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis". Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 155 (1): 242–8. doi:10.1164/ajrccm.155.1.9001319. PMID 9001319.

[pmid29413083-2] Wolters PJ, Blackwell TS, Eickelberg O, Loyd JE, Kaminski N, Jenkins G; et al. (2018). "Time for a change: is idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis still idiopathic and only fibrotic?". Lancet Respir Med. 6 (2): 154–160. doi:10.1016/S2213-2600(18)30007-9. PMID 29413083.

[ArmaniosChen2007-3] Armanios, Mary Y.; Chen, Julian J.-L.; Cogan, Joy D.; Alder, Jonathan K.; Ingersoll, Roxann G.; Markin, Cheryl; Lawson, William E.; Xie, Mingyi; Vulto, Irma; Phillips, John A.; Lansdorp, Peter M.; Greider, Carol W.; Loyd, James E. (2007). "Telomerase Mutations in Families with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis". New England Journal of Medicine. 356 (13): 1317–1326. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa066157. ISSN 0028-4793.

[NothZhang2013-4] Noth, Imre; Zhang, Yingze; Ma, Shwu-Fan; Flores, Carlos; Barber, Mathew; Huang, Yong; Broderick, Steven M; Wade, Michael S; Hysi, Pirro; Scuirba, Joseph; Richards, Thomas J; Juan-Guardela, Brenda M; Vij, Rekha; Han, MeiLan K; Martinez, Fernando J; Kossen, Karl; Seiwert, Scott D; Christie, Jason D; Nicolae, Dan; Kaminski, Naftali; Garcia, Joe GN (2013). "Genetic variants associated with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis susceptibility and mortality: a genome-wide association study". The Lancet Respiratory Medicine. 1 (4): 309–317. doi:10.1016/S2213-2600(13)70045-6. ISSN 2213-2600.

[pmid16109978-5] Steele MP, Speer MC, Loyd JE, Brown KK, Herron A, Slifer SH; et al. (2005). "Clinical and pathologic features of familial interstitial pneumonia". Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 172 (9): 1146–52. doi:10.1164/rccm.200408-1104OC. PMC 2718398. PMID 16109978.

[pmid9847271-6] Tobin RW, Pope CE, Pellegrini CA, Emond MJ, Sillery J, Raghu G (1998). "Increased prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis". Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 158 (6): 1804–8. doi:10.1164/ajrccm.158.6.9804105. PMID 9847271.

[LawsonCrossno2008-7] Lawson, William E.; Crossno, Peter F.; Polosukhin, Vasiliy V.; Roldan, Juan; Cheng, Dong-Sheng; Lane, Kirk B.; Blackwell, Thomas R.; Xu, Carol; Markin, Cheryl; Ware, Lorraine B.; Miller, Geraldine G.; Loyd, James E.; Blackwell, Timothy S. (2008). "Endoplasmic reticulum stress in alveolar epithelial cells is prominent in IPF: association with altered surfactant protein processing and herpesvirus infection". American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology. 294 (6): L1119–L1126. doi:10.1152/ajplung.00382.2007. ISSN 1040-0605.

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Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis risk factors

Overview

Risk Factors

Common risk factors

Less common risk factors

References

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