Hypercalcemia diagnostic study of choice

	Hypercalcemia Microchapters
Home
Patient Information
Overview
Historical Perspective
Classification
Pathophysiology
Causes
Differentiating Hypercalcemia from other Diseases
Epidemiology and Demographics
Risk Factors
Screening
Natural History, Complications and Prognosis
Diagnosis
Diagnostic Study of Choice
History and Symptoms
Physical Examination
Laboratory Findings
Electrocardiogram
X Ray
CT
MRI
Echocardiography or Ultrasound
Other Imaging Findings
Other Diagnostic Studies
Treatment
Medical Therapy
Surgery
Primary Prevention
Secondary Prevention
Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy
Future or Investigational Therapies
Case Studies
Case #1
Hypercalcemia On the Web
Most recent articles
Most cited articles
Review articles
CME Programs
Powerpoint slides
Images
American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Hypercalcemia All Images X-rays Ultrasound CT Images MRI
Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov
US National Guidelines Clearinghouse
NICE Guidance
FDA on Hypercalcemia
CDC on Hypercalcemia
Hypercalcemia in the news
Blogs on Hypercalcemia
Directions to Hospitals Treating Hypercalcemia
Risk calculators and risk factors for Hypercalcemia

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:

Overview

Diagnostic Study of Choice

Study of choice

Serum calcium levels is the study of choice for the diagnosis of hypercalcemia.
However, a panel of tests is required to reach the underlying cause of hypercalcemia.

Diagnostic Approach

The diagnostic approach for hypercalcemia.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12]^[13]^[14]

Hypercalcemia

Repeat (Check ionized calcium or calcium corrected for albumin)

Hypercalcemia confirmed

Measure intact parathyroid hormone (PTH)

↑ PTH

Mildly ↑ PTH

↓ PTH

Hyperparathyroidism

Urinary calcium creatinine ratio

Measure parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) and vitamin D metabolites

↑ serum phosphate
History of renal transplantation

↓/Normal phosphate levels

↑ Urinary calcium creatinine ratio

↓ Urinary calcium creatinine ratio

Tertiary hyperparathyroidism

Primary hyperparathyroidism

Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia

↑ PTHrP

↑ 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D

↑ 25-hydroxy vitamin D

↓ 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D

Normal PTHrP and vitamin D metabolites

Humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy

Chest X-ray, ACE levels

Hypervitaminosis D

History of high milk intake,
excess calcium intake for treating osteoporosis or dyspepsia

Serum protein electrophoresis

Mammography

Check medications

Check for malignancies

Bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy, ↑ ACE levels

Lithium induced hypercalcemia

Thiazide diuretic induced hypercalcemia

References

↑ Bilezikian JP, Khan A, Potts JT, Brandi ML, Clarke BL, Shoback D, Jüppner H, D'Amour P, Fox J, Rejnmark L, Mosekilde L, Rubin MR, Dempster D, Gafni R, Collins MT, Sliney J, Sanders J (2011). "Hypoparathyroidism in the adult: epidemiology, diagnosis, pathophysiology, target-organ involvement, treatment, and challenges for future research". J. Bone Miner. Res. 26 (10): 2317–37. doi:10.1002/jbmr.483. PMC 3405491. PMID 21812031.
↑ Silverberg SJ, Bilezikian JP (1996). "Evaluation and management of primary hyperparathyroidism". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 81 (6): 2036–40. doi:10.1210/jcem.81.6.8964825. PMID 8964825.
↑ Marx SJ, Spiegel AM, Brown EM, Koehler JO, Gardner DG, Brennan MF, Aurbach GD (1978). "Divalent cation metabolism. Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia versus typical primary hyperparathyroidism". Am. J. Med. 6http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0002934378908148?via%3Dihub5 (2): 235–42. doi:10.1016/0002-9343(78)90814-8. PMID 686009.
↑ Shoback D (2008). "Clinical practice. Hypoparathyroidism". N. Engl. J. Med. 359 (4): 391–403. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp0803050. PMID 18650515.
↑ Yamamoto M, Akatsu T, Nagase T, Ogata E (2000). "Comparison of hypocalcemic hypercalciuria between patients with idiopathic hypoparathyroidism and those with gain-of-function mutations in the calcium-sensing receptor: is it possible to differentiate the two disorders?". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 85 (12): 4583–91. doi:10.1210/jcem.85.12.7035. PMID 11134112.
↑ Marx SJ, Stock JL, Attie MF, Downs RW, Gardner DG, Brown EM, Spiegel AM, Doppman JL, Brennan MF (1980). "Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia: recognition among patients referred after unsuccessful parathyroid exploration". Ann. Intern. Med. 92 (3): 351–6. PMID 7356229.
↑ Mirrakhimov AE (2015). "Hypercalcemia of Malignancy: An Update on Pathogenesis and Management". N Am J Med Sci. 7 (11): 483–93. doi:10.4103/1947-2714.170600. PMC 4683803. PMID 26713296.
↑ Ratcliffe WA, Hutchesson AC, Bundred NJ, Ratcliffe JG (1992). "Role of assays for parathyroid-hormone-related protein in investigation of hypercalcaemia". Lancet. 339 (8786): 164–7. doi:10.1016/0140-6736(92)90220-W. PMID 1346019.
↑ Ikeda K, Ohno H, Hane M, Yokoi H, Okada M, Honma T, Yamada A, Tatsumi Y, Tanaka T, Saitoh T (1994). "Development of a sensitive two-site immunoradiometric assay for parathyroid hormone-related peptide: evidence for elevated levels in plasma from patients with adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma and B-cell lymphoma". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 79 (5): 1322–7. doi:10.1210/jcem.79.5.7962324. PMID 7962324.
↑ Horwitz MJ, Tedesco MB, Sereika SM, Hollis BW, Garcia-Ocaña A, Stewart AF (2003). "Direct comparison of sustained infusion of human parathyroid hormone-related protein-(1-36) [hPTHrP-(1-36)] versus hPTH-(1-34) on serum calcium, plasma 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D concentrations, and fractional calcium excretion in healthy human volunteers". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 88 (4): 1603–9. doi:10.1210/jc.2002-020773. PMID 12679445.
↑ Mallette LE, Khouri K, Zengotita H, Hollis BW, Malini S (1989). "Lithium treatment increases intact and midregion parathyroid hormone and parathyroid volume". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 68 (3): 654–60. doi:10.1210/jcem-68-3-654. PMID 2918061.
↑ Jacobus CH, Holick MF, Shao Q, Chen TC, Holm IA, Kolodny JM, Fuleihan GE, Seely EW (1992). "Hypervitaminosis D associated with drinking milk". N. Engl. J. Med. 326 (18): 1173–7. doi:10.1056/NEJM199204303261801. PMID 1313547.
↑ Hoeck HC, Laurberg G, Laurberg P (1994). "Hypercalcaemic crisis after excessive topical use of a vitamin D derivative". J. Intern. Med. 235 (3): 281–2. PMID 8120527.
↑ Dusso AS, Kamimura S, Gallieni M, Zhong M, Negrea L, Shapiro S, Slatopolsky E (1997). "gamma-Interferon-induced resistance to 1,25-(OH)2 D3 in human monocytes and macrophages: a mechanism for the hypercalcemia of various granulomatoses". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 82 (7): 2222–32. doi:10.1210/jcem.82.7.4074. PMID 9215298.

Template:WH Template:WS

[pmid21812031-1] Bilezikian JP, Khan A, Potts JT, Brandi ML, Clarke BL, Shoback D, Jüppner H, D'Amour P, Fox J, Rejnmark L, Mosekilde L, Rubin MR, Dempster D, Gafni R, Collins MT, Sliney J, Sanders J (2011). "Hypoparathyroidism in the adult: epidemiology, diagnosis, pathophysiology, target-organ involvement, treatment, and challenges for future research". J. Bone Miner. Res. 26 (10): 2317–37. doi:10.1002/jbmr.483. PMC 3405491. PMID 21812031.

[pmid8964825-2] Silverberg SJ, Bilezikian JP (1996). "Evaluation and management of primary hyperparathyroidism". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 81 (6): 2036–40. doi:10.1210/jcem.81.6.8964825. PMID 8964825.

[pmid686009-3] Marx SJ, Spiegel AM, Brown EM, Koehler JO, Gardner DG, Brennan MF, Aurbach GD (1978). "Divalent cation metabolism. Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia versus typical primary hyperparathyroidism". Am. J. Med. 6http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0002934378908148?via%3Dihub5 (2): 235–42. doi:10.1016/0002-9343(78)90814-8. PMID 686009.

[pmid18650515-4] Shoback D (2008). "Clinical practice. Hypoparathyroidism". N. Engl. J. Med. 359 (4): 391–403. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp0803050. PMID 18650515.

[pmid11134112-5] Yamamoto M, Akatsu T, Nagase T, Ogata E (2000). "Comparison of hypocalcemic hypercalciuria between patients with idiopathic hypoparathyroidism and those with gain-of-function mutations in the calcium-sensing receptor: is it possible to differentiate the two disorders?". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 85 (12): 4583–91. doi:10.1210/jcem.85.12.7035. PMID 11134112.

[pmid7356229-6] Marx SJ, Stock JL, Attie MF, Downs RW, Gardner DG, Brown EM, Spiegel AM, Doppman JL, Brennan MF (1980). "Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia: recognition among patients referred after unsuccessful parathyroid exploration". Ann. Intern. Med. 92 (3): 351–6. PMID 7356229.

[pmid26713296-7] Mirrakhimov AE (2015). "Hypercalcemia of Malignancy: An Update on Pathogenesis and Management". N Am J Med Sci. 7 (11): 483–93. doi:10.4103/1947-2714.170600. PMC 4683803. PMID 26713296.

[pmid1346019-8] Ratcliffe WA, Hutchesson AC, Bundred NJ, Ratcliffe JG (1992). "Role of assays for parathyroid-hormone-related protein in investigation of hypercalcaemia". Lancet. 339 (8786): 164–7. doi:10.1016/0140-6736(92)90220-W. PMID 1346019.

[pmid7962324-9] Ikeda K, Ohno H, Hane M, Yokoi H, Okada M, Honma T, Yamada A, Tatsumi Y, Tanaka T, Saitoh T (1994). "Development of a sensitive two-site immunoradiometric assay for parathyroid hormone-related peptide: evidence for elevated levels in plasma from patients with adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma and B-cell lymphoma". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 79 (5): 1322–7. doi:10.1210/jcem.79.5.7962324. PMID 7962324.

[pmid12679445-10] Horwitz MJ, Tedesco MB, Sereika SM, Hollis BW, Garcia-Ocaña A, Stewart AF (2003). "Direct comparison of sustained infusion of human parathyroid hormone-related protein-(1-36) [hPTHrP-(1-36)] versus hPTH-(1-34) on serum calcium, plasma 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D concentrations, and fractional calcium excretion in healthy human volunteers". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 88 (4): 1603–9. doi:10.1210/jc.2002-020773. PMID 12679445.

[pmid2918061-11] Mallette LE, Khouri K, Zengotita H, Hollis BW, Malini S (1989). "Lithium treatment increases intact and midregion parathyroid hormone and parathyroid volume". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 68 (3): 654–60. doi:10.1210/jcem-68-3-654. PMID 2918061.

[pmid1313547-12] Jacobus CH, Holick MF, Shao Q, Chen TC, Holm IA, Kolodny JM, Fuleihan GE, Seely EW (1992). "Hypervitaminosis D associated with drinking milk". N. Engl. J. Med. 326 (18): 1173–7. doi:10.1056/NEJM199204303261801. PMID 1313547.

[pmid8120527-13] Hoeck HC, Laurberg G, Laurberg P (1994). "Hypercalcaemic crisis after excessive topical use of a vitamin D derivative". J. Intern. Med. 235 (3): 281–2. PMID 8120527.

[pmid9215298-14] Dusso AS, Kamimura S, Gallieni M, Zhong M, Negrea L, Shapiro S, Slatopolsky E (1997). "gamma-Interferon-induced resistance to 1,25-(OH)2 D3 in human monocytes and macrophages: a mechanism for the hypercalcemia of various granulomatoses". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 82 (7): 2222–32. doi:10.1210/jcem.82.7.4074. PMID 9215298.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]