Hyponatremia physical examination
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Saeedeh Kowsarnia M.D.[2]
Overview
Patients with [disease name] usually appear [general appearance]. Physical examination of patients with [disease name] is usually remarkable for [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
OR
Common physical examination findings of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
OR
The presence of [finding(s)] on physical examination is diagnostic of [disease name].
OR
The presence of [finding(s)] on physical examination is highly suggestive of [disease name].
Physical Examination
- Nausea and malaise are the earliest signs of hyponatremia.
| Classification | Clinical signs |
|---|---|
| Hypervolemic
hyponatremia |
Peripheral edema, ascites, pulmonary edema, raised JVP,clinical signs of underlying causes |
| Euvolemic hyponatremia | Clinical signs of underlying causes |
| Hypovolemic hyponatremia | Dry mucous membrane, decreased skin turgor, hypotension (orthostatic), tachycardia |
Determination of volume status i.e. dehydration, edema, ascites should be carried out.[29] Patients with clinical signs of volume depletion (e.g. orthostatic decreases in blood pressure and increases in pulse rate, dry mucus membranes, decreased skin turgor) should be considered hypovolemic. When available, direct hemodynamic measurements can provide corroboration of the clinical impression.
- Look for signs of hypothyroidism
- Look for signs of adrenal insufficiency
- Detailed examination to detect any CNS or lung lesion.
Appearance of the Patient
- Patients with hyponatremia may appear with wide range of presentations from no discomfort to severe distress
Vital Signs
- High-grade / low-grade fever
- Hypothermia / hyperthermia may be present
- Tachycardia with regular pulse or (ir)regularly irregular pulse
- Bradycardia with regular pulse or (ir)regularly irregular pulse
- Tachypnea / bradypnea
- Kussmal respirations may be present
- Weak/bounding pulse / pulsus alternans / paradoxical pulse / asymmetric pulse may be present
- High/low blood pressure with normal pulse pressure / wide pulse pressure / narrow pulse pressure may be present
Skin
- Skin examination of patients with hyponatremia varies depend on the underlying causes like hypothyroidism, CHF, adrenal insufficeincy
OR
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Description (Adapted from Dermatology Atlas)
-
Description (Adapted from Dermatology Atlas)
HEENT
- HEENT examination of patients with hyponatremia varies depending on the causes: tumor, thyriod diseases
- Abnormalities of the head/hair may include hair loss, brittle hair
- Evidence of trauma
- Icteric sclera
- Nystagmus
- Extra-ocular movements may be abnormal in case of tumor associated hyponatremia
- Pupils non-reactive to light / non-reactive to accommodation / non-reactive to neither light nor accommodation
- Ophthalmoscopic exam may be abnormal with findings of brain edema
- Hearing acuity may be reduced
- Weber test may be abnormal
- Rinne test may be positive
- Facial tenderness
- Erythematous throat with/without tonsillar swelling, exudates, and/or petechiae
Neck
- Neck examination of patients with hyponatremia may lead to other causes like tumors
- Jugular venous distension
- Carotid bruits may be auscultated unilaterally/bilaterally using the bell/diaphragm of the otoscope
- Lymphadenopathy (describe location, size, tenderness, mobility, and symmetry)
- Thyromegaly / thyroid nodules
- Hepatojugular reflux
Lungs
- Pulmonary examination of patients with severe hyponatremia
- Asymmetric chest expansion / Decreased chest expansion
- Lungs can be hypporesonant/hyperresonant
- Fine/coarse crackles upon auscultation of the lung bases/apices unilaterally/bilaterally
- Rhonchi
- Vesicular breath sounds / Distant breath sounds
- Expiratory/inspiratory wheezing with normal / delayed expiratory phase
- Wheezing may be present
- Egophony present may be present
- Bronchophony present may be present
- Reduced tactile fremitus may be present
Heart
- Cardiovascular examination of patients with hyponatremia
- Chest tenderness upon palpation may be present
- PMI within 2 cm of the sternum (PMI) / Displaced point of maximal impulse (PMI) suggestive of
- Heave / thrill
- Friction rub
- S1
- S2
- S3
- S4
- Gallops
- A high/low grade early/late systolic murmur / diastolic murmur may be heard .
Abdomen
- Abdominal distention
- Abdominal tenderness in the right/left upper/lower abdominal quadrant
- Rebound tenderness (positive Blumberg sign)
- A palpable abdominal mass in the right/left upper/lower abdominal quadrant
- Guarding may be present
- Hepatomegaly / splenomegaly / hepatosplenomegaly
- Additional findings, such as obturator test, psoas test, McBurney point test, Murphy test
Back
- Point tenderness over vertebrae
- Sacral edema
- Costovertebral angle tenderness bilaterally/unilaterally
- Buffalo hump
Genitourinary
- A pelvic/adnexal mass may be palpated
- Inflamed mucosa
Neuromuscular
- Patient can be oriented to persons, place, and time
- Altered mental status
- Glasgow coma scale has to be checked
- Hyperreflexia / hyporeflexia / areflexia
- Positive (abnormal) Babinski / plantar reflex unilaterally/bilaterally
- Muscle rigidity
- Proximal/distal muscle weakness unilaterally/bilaterally
- In case of brain edema or heniation involvement of cranial nerves may be seen
- Unilateral/bilateral upper/lower extremity weakness
- Unilateral/bilateral sensory loss in the upper/lower extremity
- Positive straight leg raise test
- Abnormal gait ataxic (cerebellar) gait / steppage gait / waddling gait / choeiform gait / Parkinsonian gait / sensory gait may be present
- Positive/negative Trendelenburg sign
- Unilateral/bilateral tremor (describe tremor, e.g. at rest, pill-rolling)
- Normal finger-to-nose test / Dysmetria my be present
Extremities
- Clubbing
- Cyanosis
- Pitting/non-pitting edema of the upper/lower extremities
- Muscle atrophy
- Fasciculations in the upper/lower extremity