Cavernous sinus thrombosis causes
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Mohamadmostafa Jahansouz M.D.[2]
Overview
It is understood that the main cause of cavernous sinus thrombosis is bacterial infections. Septic cases of cavernous sinus thrombosis are usually caused by central facial infections, especially within the danger triangle of the face (from the corners of the mouth to the bridge of the nose). Common causes of cavernous sinus thrombosis may include: Staphylococcus aureus (two-thirds of cases) and Streptococcus species (approximately 20% of cases). Less common causes of cavernous sinus thrombosis include: Pneumococcus, Staphylococcus lugdunensis endocarditis, gram-negative species such as Proteus, hemophilus, Pseudomonas, Fusobacterium, Bacteroides, gram-positive species, Fungal infections, severe head injuries, autoimmune conditions such as lupus and Pregnancy. The main sources of infection in cavernous sinus thrombosis include: Mastoiditis, Otitis media, Abscess, cellulitis, Sinusitis, dental infections or procedures and endocarditis.
Causes
It is understood that the main cause of cavernous sinus thrombosis is bacterial infections.[1][2]
Common Causes
Septic cases of cavernous sinus thrombosis are usually caused by central facial infections, especially within the danger triangle of the face (from the corners of the mouth to the bridge of the nose).[1][2]
Common causes of cavernous sinus thrombosis may include:[1][2]
- Staphylococcus aureus may account for two-thirds of cases of cavernous sinus thrombosis.
- Streptococcus species (approximately 20% of cases)
Less Common Causes
Less common causes of cavernous sinus thrombosis include:[1][2][3][4][5][6][7]
- Pneumococcus
- Staphylococcus lugdunensis endocarditis
- Gram-negative species such as Proteus
- Hemophilus
- Pseudomonas
- Fusobacterium
- Bacteroides
- Gram-positive species such as Corynebacterium and Actinomyces
- Fungal infections
- Severe head injuries
- Autoimmune conditions such as lupus
- Pregnancy
Sources of infection
The main sources of infection in cavernous sinus thrombosis include:
- Mastoiditis[8]
- Otitis media[9]
- Abscess[10]
- Cellulitis[11]
- Sinusitis[12]
- Dental infections or procedures (even a posterior superior alveolar nerve block entering the pterygoid plexus)[13]
- endocarditis[7]
Causes by Organ System
| Cardiovascular | Staphylococcus lugdunensis endocarditis[7] |
| Chemical/Poisoning | No underlying causes |
| Dental |
|
| Dermatologic | No underlying causes |
| Drug Side Effect | No underlying causes |
| Ear Nose Throat | |
| Endocrine | No underlying causes |
| Environmental | No underlying causes |
| Gastroenterologic | No underlying causes |
| Genetic | No underlying causes |
| Hematologic | No underlying causes |
| Iatrogenic | No underlying causes |
| Infectious Disease |
|
| Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic | No underlying causes |
| Neurologic | No underlying causes |
| Nutritional/Metabolic | No underlying causes |
| Obstetric/Gynecologic | Pregnancy[14] |
| Oncologic | No underlying causes |
| Ophthalmologic | No underlying causes |
| Overdose/Toxicity | No underlying causes |
| Psychiatric | No underlying causes |
| Pulmonary | No underlying causes |
| Renal/Electrolyte | No underlying causes |
| Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy | Autoimmune conditions such as lupus[15] |
| Sexual | No underlying causes |
| Trauma | Severe head injuries[16] |
| Urologic | No underlying causes |
| Miscellaneous | No underlying causes |
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Varshney S, Malhotra M, Gupta P, Gairola P, Kaur N (2015). "Cavernous sinus thrombosis of nasal origin in children". Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 67 (1): 100–5. doi:10.1007/s12070-014-0805-4. PMC 4298578. PMID 25621244.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Clifford-Jones RE, Ellis CJ, Stevens JM, Turner A (1982). "Cavernous sinus thrombosis". J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 45 (12): 1092–7. PMC 491689. PMID 7161604.
- ↑ Munjal M, Khurana AS (2004). "Fungal infections and cavernous sinus thrombosis". Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 56 (3): 235–7. doi:10.1007/BF02974362. PMC 3451890. PMID 23120086.
- ↑ Ghuman MS, Salunke P, Sahoo SK, Kaur S (2016). "Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis in closed head trauma: A call to look beyond fractures and hematomas!". J Emerg Trauma Shock. 9 (1): 37–8. doi:10.4103/0974-2700.173865. PMC 4766763. PMID 26957825.
- ↑ Singh RK, Bhoi SK, Kalita J, Misra UK (2017). "Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis Presenting Feature of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus". J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 26 (3): 518–522. doi:10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2016.12.001. PMID 28065614.
- ↑ López F, Santamarta E, Martínez P, Sáiz-Ayala A, Llorente JL (2017). "Cavernous sinus thrombosis during pregnancy". Auris Nasus Larynx. 44 (2): 232–236. doi:10.1016/j.anl.2016.04.006. PMID 27146007.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Nagarakanti S, Bishburg E, Brown M (2016). "Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis due to Streptococcus mitis and Staphylococcus lugdunensis". J Clin Diagn Res. 10 (9): OD13–OD14. doi:10.7860/JCDR/2016/21521.8545. PMC 5072000. PMID 27790500.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Venezio FR, Naidich TP, Shulman ST (1982). "Complications of mastoiditis with special emphasis on venous sinus thrombosis". J Pediatr. 101 (4): 509–13. PMID 7119951.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Kuczkowski J (2007). "[Thrombophlebitis of venous sinuses in otitis media]". Otolaryngol Pol. 61 (5): 769–73. doi:10.1016/S0030-6657(07)70523-1. PMID 18552016.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Verma R, Junewar V, Singh RK, Ram H, Pal US (2013). "Bilateral cavernous sinus thrombosis and facial palsy as complications of dental abscess". Natl J Maxillofac Surg. 4 (2): 252–5. doi:10.4103/0975-5950.127664. PMC 3961908. PMID 24665189.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Allegrini D, Reposi S, Nocerino E, Pece A (2017). "Odontogenic orbital cellulitis associated with cavernous sinus thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: a case report". J Med Case Rep. 11 (1): 164. doi:10.1186/s13256-017-1309-0. PMC 5477346. PMID 28629401.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 Komatsu H, Matsumoto F, Kasai M, Kurano K, Sasaki D, Ikeda K (2013). "Cavernous sinus thrombosis caused by contralateral sphenoid sinusitis: a case report". Head Face Med. 9: 9. doi:10.1186/1746-160X-9-9. PMC 3605125. PMID 23497466.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 Yeo GS, Kim HY, Kim H, Kwak EJ, Jung YS, Park HS; et al. (2014). "Cavernous sinus thrombosis caused by a dental infection: a case report". J Korean Assoc Oral Maxillofac Surg. 40 (4): 195–8. doi:10.5125/jkaoms.2014.40.4.195. PMC 4170663. PMID 25247150.
- ↑ López F, Santamarta E, Martínez P, Sáiz-Ayala A, Llorente JL (2017). "Cavernous sinus thrombosis during pregnancy". Auris Nasus Larynx. 44 (2): 232–236. doi:10.1016/j.anl.2016.04.006. PMID 27146007.
- ↑ Singh RK, Bhoi SK, Kalita J, Misra UK (2017). "Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis Presenting Feature of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus". J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 26 (3): 518–522. doi:10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2016.12.001. PMID 28065614.
- ↑ Ghuman MS, Salunke P, Sahoo SK, Kaur S (2016). "Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis in closed head trauma: A call to look beyond fractures and hematomas!". J Emerg Trauma Shock. 9 (1): 37–8. doi:10.4103/0974-2700.173865. PMC 4766763. PMID 26957825.