Anemia of chronic disease physical examination
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Shyam Patel [2]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Omer Kamal, M.D.[3]
Overview
Physical examination findings frequently relate to the underlying disease rather than the anemia itself. Anemia itself can manifest with certain physical examination findings.
Physical Examination
Symptoms are commonly due to the underlying disease rather than the anemia itself which could include autoimmune disorders, chronic infection, trauma, major surgery, malignancy, HIV infection, rheumatologic disorders, inflammatory bowel disease, Castleman disease, heart failure, older adults, renal insufficiency and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease[1][2][3][4][5]
Physical examination findings include:
- Pallor (mucosal and conjunctival)
- Dyspnea
- Joint deformities, if rheumatologic disease is present
- Cachexia
References
- ↑ Weiss G, Goodnough LT (March 2005). "Anemia of chronic disease". N. Engl. J. Med. 352 (10): 1011–23. doi:10.1056/NEJMra041809. PMID 15758012.
- ↑ Cash JM, Sears DA (December 1989). "The anemia of chronic disease: spectrum of associated diseases in a series of unselected hospitalized patients". Am. J. Med. 87 (6): 638–44. PMID 2589399.
- ↑ Price EA, Schrier SL (2010). "Unexplained aspects of anemia of inflammation". Adv Hematol. 2010: 508739. doi:10.1155/2010/508739. PMC 2846342. PMID 20368776.
- ↑ Boutou AK, Pitsiou GG, Stanopoulos I, Kontakiotis T, Kyriazis G, Argyropoulou P (July 2012). "Levels of inflammatory mediators in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients with anemia of chronic disease: a case-control study". QJM. 105 (7): 657–63. doi:10.1093/qjmed/hcs024. PMID 22355163.
- ↑ Markoulaki D, Kostikas K, Papatheodorou G, Koutsokera A, Alchanatis M, Bakakos P, Gourgoulianis KI, Roussos C, Koulouris NG, Loukides S (February 2011). "Hemoglobin, erythropoietin and systemic inflammation in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease". Eur. J. Intern. Med. 22 (1): 103–7. doi:10.1016/j.ejim.2010.07.010. PMID 21238904.