Liver mass differential diagnosis

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: ; Maria Fernanda Villarreal, M.D. [2]; Dildar Hussain, MBBS [3]; Aditya Ganti M.B.B.S. [4]

Overview

Liver mass must be differentiated from the diseases that cause abdominal pain, pruritus, low-grade fever, and ascities such as angiomyolipoma, adenoma, borderline (high-grade dysplastic) nodule, cholangiocarcinoma, confluent fibrosis, focal nodular hyperplasia, focal fat sparing and deposit on liver, gallbladder cancer, hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia, inflammatory pseudotumors, liver hemangioma, hepatoblastoma in children, pyogenic liver abscesses, pancreatic cancer, Stomach cancer.

Common Differential Diagnosis

Liver mass must be differentiated from the following diseases that cause abdominal pain, pruritus, low-grade fever, and ascities such as:[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][[#cite_note-NicolauBr�2004-31|[31]]][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][46][56][57][58][59][60]

Abbreviations: RUQ= Right upper quadrant of the abdomen, LUQ= Left upper quadrant, LLQ= Left lower quadrant, RLQ= Right lower quadrant, LFT= Liver function test, SIRS= Systemic inflammatory response syndrome, ERCP= Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, IV= Intravenous, N= Normal, AMA= Anti mitochondrial antibodies, LDH= Lactate dehydrogenase, GI= Gastrointestinal, CXR= Chest X ray, IgA= Immunoglobulin A, IgG= Immunoglobulin G, IgM= Immunoglobulin M, CT= Computed tomography, PMN= Polymorphonuclear cells, ESR= Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, CRP= C-reactive protein, TS= Transferrin saturation, SF= Serum Ferritin, SMA= Superior mesenteric artery, SMV= Superior mesenteric vein, ECG= Electrocardiogram

Disease Clinical manifestations Diagnosis Comments
Symptoms Signs
Abdominal Pain Fever Rigors and chills Nausea or vomiting Jaundice Constipation Diarrhea Weight loss GI bleeding Hypo-

tension

Guarding Rebound Tenderness Bowel sounds Lab Findings Imaging
Hepatocellular carcinoma/Metastasis RUQ + − + + + + + + + − +
  • Normal
  • Hyperactive if obstruction present

Other symptoms:

Cholangiocarcinoma RUQ + − + + − − + − − − + Normal
  • Predisposes to pancreatic cancer
Pancreatic carcinoma MidEpigastric − − + + + − + − − − + Normal

Skin manifestations may include:

Focal nodular hyperplasia Diffuse ± − − ± − − + + − − − Normal
  • Open biopsy if diagnosis can not be established
Disease Abdominal Pain Fever Rigors and chills Nausea or vomiting Jaundice Constipation Diarrhea Weight loss GI bleeding Hypo-

tension

Guarding Rebound Tenderness Bowel sounds Lab Findings Imaging Comments
Gallbladder cancer Midepigastric − − + + − + + − − − − Normal
Liver hemangioma Intermittent RUQ − − + + − − − − − − − Normal
  • Abnormal LFTs
Liver abscess RUQ + − + + − − + − − − − Normal
  • US
  • CT
Cirrhosis RUQ+Bloating + − + + − − + − − − − Normal US
  • Stigmata of liver disease
  • Cruveilhier- Baumgarten murmur
Inflammatory lesions RUQ ± − + + − − − − − − − Normal US
  • Nodular,shrunken or coarse liver
  • Stigmata of liver disease

References

  1. ↑ Kim TK, Lee E, Jang HJ (2015). "Imaging findings of mimickers of hepatocellular carcinoma". Clin Mol Hepatol. 21 (4): 326–43. doi:10.3350/cmh.2015.21.4.326. PMC 4712159. PMID 26770920.
  2. ↑ Ferrell, Linda (2000). "Liver Pathology: Cirrhosis, Hepatitis and Primary Liver Tumors. Update and Diagnostic Problems". Modern Pathology. 13 (6): 679–704. doi:10.1038/modpathol.3880119. ISSN 0893-3952.
  3. ↑ Kim, Tae Kyoung; Lee, Eunchae; Jang, Hyun-Jung (2015). "Imaging findings of mimickers of hepatocellular carcinoma". Clinical and Molecular Hepatology. 21 (4): 326. doi:10.3350/cmh.2015.21.4.326. ISSN 2287-2728.
  4. ↑ Doo, Kyung Won; Lee, Chang Hee; Choi, Jae Woong; Lee, Jongmee; Kim, Kyeong Ah; Park, Cheol Min (2009). ""Pseudo Washout" Sign in High-Flow Hepatic Hemangioma on Gadoxetic Acid Contrast-Enhanced MRI Mimicking Hypervascular Tumor". American Journal of Roentgenology. 193 (6): W490–W496. doi:10.2214/AJR.08.1732. ISSN 0361-803X.
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  17. ↑ Wilson, Stephanie R.; Kim, Tae Kyoung; Jang, Hyun-Jung; Burns, Peter N. (2007). "Enhancement Patterns of Focal Liver Masses: Discordance Between Contrast-Enhanced Sonography and Contrast-Enhanced CT and MRI". American Journal of Roentgenology. 189 (1): W7–W12. doi:10.2214/AJR.06.1060. ISSN 0361-803X.
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  34. ↑ Memeo, M.; Stabile Ianora, A. A.; Scardapane, A.; Buonamico, P.; Sabbà, C.; Angelelli, G. (2004). "Hepatic involvement in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia:". Abdominal Imaging. 29 (2): 211–220. doi:10.1007/s00261-003-0101-3. ISSN 0942-8925.
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  40. ↑ {{cite
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  45. ↑ Brannigan, Margot; Burns, Peter N.; Wilson, Stephanie R. (2004). "Blood Flow Patterns in Focal Liver Lesions at Microbubble-enhanced US". RadioGraphics. 24 (4): 921–935. doi:10.1148/rg.244035158. ISSN 0271-5333.
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 Kim TK, Jang HJ, Wilson SR (2006). "Benign liver masses: imaging with microbubble contrast agents". Ultrasound Q. 22 (1): 31–9. PMID 16641791.
  47. ↑ Jang, Hyun-Jung; Kim, Tae Kyoung; Lim, Hyo Keun; Park, Sang Jae; Sim, Jung Suk; Kim, Hyae Young; Lee, Joo-Hyuk (2003). "Hepatic Hemangioma: Atypical Appearances on CT, MR Imaging, and Sonography". American Journal of Roentgenology. 180 (1): 135–141. doi:10.2214/ajr.180.1.1800135. ISSN 0361-803X.
  48. ↑ . doi:10.1102/1470-7330.2009.0015. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 Jang, Hyun-Jung; Yu, Hojun; Kim, Tae Kyoung (2009). "Imaging of Focal Liver Lesions". Seminars in Roentgenology. 44 (4): 266–282. doi:10.1053/j.ro.2009.05.008. ISSN 0037-198X.
  50. ↑ Bhayana, Deepak; Kim, Tae Kyoung; Jang, Hyun-Jung; Burns, Peter N.; Wilson, Stephanie R. (2010). "Hypervascular Liver Masses on Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound: The Importance of Washout". American Journal of Roentgenology. 194 (4): 977–983. doi:10.2214/AJR.09.3375. ISSN 0361-803X.
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  55. ↑ Kim, Kyoung Won; Choi, Byung Ihn; Park, Seong Ho; Kim, Ah Young; Koh, Young Hwan; Lee, Hyun Ju; Han, Joon Koo (2004). "Pyogenic hepatic abscesses: distinctive features from hypovascular hepatic malignancies on contrast-enhanced ultrasound with SH U 508A; early experience". Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology. 30 (6): 725–733. doi:10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2004.03.006. ISSN 0301-5629.
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