Oral cancer risk factors

	Oral cancer Microchapters
Home
Patient Information
Overview
Historical Perspective
Classification
Pathophysiology
Causes
Differentiating Oral cancer from other Diseases
Epidemiology and Demographics
Risk Factors
Screening
Natural History, Complications and Prognosis
Diagnosis
Staging
History and Symptoms
Physical Examination
Laboratory Findings
X Ray
CT
MRI
Other Imaging Findings
Other Diagnostic Studies
Treatment
Medical Therapy
Surgery
Primary Prevention
Secondary Prevention
Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy
Future or Investigational Therapies
Case Studies
Case #1
Oral cancer risk factors On the Web
Most recent articles
Most cited articles
Review articles
CME Programs
Powerpoint slides
Images
American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Oral cancer risk factors All Images X-rays Echo & Ultrasound CT Images MRI
Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov
US National Guidelines Clearinghouse
NICE Guidance
FDA on Oral cancer risk factors
CDC on Oral cancer risk factors
Oral cancer risk factors in the news
Blogs on Oral cancer risk factors
Directions to Hospitals Treating Oral cancer
Risk calculators and risk factors for Oral cancer risk factors

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sargun Singh Walia M.B.B.S.[2], Simrat Sarai, M.D. [3]; Grammar Reviewer: Natalie Harpenau, B.S.[4]

Overview

The most potent risk factor in the development of oral cancer is alcohol intake and tobacco use. The other risk factors include male gender, age over 55 years, ultraviolet light, Fanconi anemia, dyskeratosis congenita, HPV infection, graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), mouthwash and irritation from dentures.

Risk Factors

Common risk factors

The most potent risk factor in the development of oral cavity cancer is tobacco and alcohol use.
Other risk factors include:
- Lifestyle
  - Betel quid use^[1]
- Genetics
Infectious agents:
- Human papillomavirus (HPV)^[2]^[3]
- Candida albicans^[4]
General
- Male gender^[5]
- Ultraviolet light^[6]
- Age over 55 years^[7]
- Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD)^[8]
- Immune system suppression
- Lichen planus

Less common risk factors

Less common risk factors for the development of oral cancer include:
- According to a study: poor dental hygiene or health and use of dentures made out of metal can lead to increased risk of oral cancer.^[9]
- Diet
  - Diet low in fruits and vegetables and high in consumption of meats is associated with oral cavity cancer.
- Mouthwash^[10]
- Low socioeconomic status

References

↑ Su CC, Yang HF, Huang SJ, Lian I (2007). "Distinctive features of oral cancer in Changhua County: high incidence, buccal mucosa preponderance, and a close relation to betel quid chewing habit". J. Formos. Med. Assoc. 106 (3): 225–33. PMID 17389167. Vancouver style error: initials (help)
↑ Martín-Hernán F, Sánchez-Hernández JG, Cano J, Campo J, del Romero J (May 2013). "Oral cancer, HPV infection and evidence of sexual transmission". Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 18 (3): e439–44. PMC 3668870. PMID 23524417.
↑ Kim SM (December 2016). "Human papilloma virus in oral cancer". J Korean Assoc Oral Maxillofac Surg. 42 (6): 327–336. doi:10.5125/jkaoms.2016.42.6.327. PMC 5206237. PMID 28053902.
↑ Sanjaya PR, Gokul S, Gururaj Patil B, Raju R (December 2011). "Candida in oral pre-cancer and oral cancer". Med. Hypotheses. 77 (6): 1125–8. doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2011.09.018. PMID 21978967.
↑ Muscat JE, Richie JP, Thompson S, Wynder EL (November 1996). "Gender differences in smoking and risk for oral cancer". Cancer Res. 56 (22): 5192–7. PMID 8912856.
↑ De Benedittis M, Petruzzi M, Giardina C, Lo Muzio L, Favia G, Serpico R (November 2004). "Oral squamous cell carcinoma during long-term treatment with hydroxyurea". Clin. Exp. Dermatol. 29 (6): 605–7. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2230.2004.01586.x. PMID 15550132.
↑ Ram H, Sarkar J, Kumar H, Konwar R, Bhatt ML, Mohammad S (June 2011). "Oral cancer: risk factors and molecular pathogenesis". J Maxillofac Oral Surg. 10 (2): 132–7. doi:10.1007/s12663-011-0195-z. PMC 3177522. PMID 22654364.
↑ de Araújo RL, Lyko Kde F, Funke VA, Torres-Pereira CC (2014). "Oral cancer after prolonged immunosuppression for multiorgan chronic graft-versus-host disease". Rev Bras Hematol Hemoter. 36 (1): 65–8. doi:10.5581/1516-8484.20140016. PMC 3948669. PMID 24624039.
↑ Rosenquist K, Wennerberg J, Schildt EB, Bladström A, Göran Hansson B, Andersson G (2005). "Oral status, oral infections and some lifestyle factors as risk factors for oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. A population-based case-control study in southern Sweden". Acta Otolaryngol. 125 (12): 1327–36. doi:10.1080/00016480510012273. PMID 16303683.
↑ Scully C (2002). "Oral squamous cell carcinoma; from an hypothesis about a virus, to concern about possible sexual transmission". Oral Oncol. 38 (3): 227–34. PMID 11978544.

Template:WH Template:WS

[pmid17389167-1] Su CC, Yang HF, Huang SJ, Lian I (2007). "Distinctive features of oral cancer in Changhua County: high incidence, buccal mucosa preponderance, and a close relation to betel quid chewing habit". J. Formos. Med. Assoc. 106 (3): 225–33. PMID 17389167. Vancouver style error: initials (help)

[pmid23524417-2] Martín-Hernán F, Sánchez-Hernández JG, Cano J, Campo J, del Romero J (May 2013). "Oral cancer, HPV infection and evidence of sexual transmission". Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 18 (3): e439–44. PMC 3668870. PMID 23524417.

[pmid28053902-3] Kim SM (December 2016). "Human papilloma virus in oral cancer". J Korean Assoc Oral Maxillofac Surg. 42 (6): 327–336. doi:10.5125/jkaoms.2016.42.6.327. PMC 5206237. PMID 28053902.

[pmid21978967-4] Sanjaya PR, Gokul S, Gururaj Patil B, Raju R (December 2011). "Candida in oral pre-cancer and oral cancer". Med. Hypotheses. 77 (6): 1125–8. doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2011.09.018. PMID 21978967.

[pmid8912856-5] Muscat JE, Richie JP, Thompson S, Wynder EL (November 1996). "Gender differences in smoking and risk for oral cancer". Cancer Res. 56 (22): 5192–7. PMID 8912856.

[pmid15550132-6] De Benedittis M, Petruzzi M, Giardina C, Lo Muzio L, Favia G, Serpico R (November 2004). "Oral squamous cell carcinoma during long-term treatment with hydroxyurea". Clin. Exp. Dermatol. 29 (6): 605–7. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2230.2004.01586.x. PMID 15550132.

[pmid22654364-7] Ram H, Sarkar J, Kumar H, Konwar R, Bhatt ML, Mohammad S (June 2011). "Oral cancer: risk factors and molecular pathogenesis". J Maxillofac Oral Surg. 10 (2): 132–7. doi:10.1007/s12663-011-0195-z. PMC 3177522. PMID 22654364.

[pmid24624039-8] Araújo RL, Lyko Kde F, Funke VA, Torres-Pereira CC (2014). "Oral cancer after prolonged immunosuppression for multiorgan chronic graft-versus-host disease". Rev Bras Hematol Hemoter. 36 (1): 65–8. doi:10.5581/1516-8484.20140016. PMC 3948669. PMID 24624039.

[pmid16303683-9] Rosenquist K, Wennerberg J, Schildt EB, Bladström A, Göran Hansson B, Andersson G (2005). "Oral status, oral infections and some lifestyle factors as risk factors for oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. A population-based case-control study in southern Sweden". Acta Otolaryngol. 125 (12): 1327–36. doi:10.1080/00016480510012273. PMID 16303683.

[pmid11978544-10] Scully C (2002). "Oral squamous cell carcinoma; from an hypothesis about a virus, to concern about possible sexual transmission". Oral Oncol. 38 (3): 227–34. PMID 11978544.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]