Paget's disease of the breast risk factors
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1];Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Suveenkrishna Pothuru, M.B,B.S. [2]
Overview
Common risk factors in the development of Paget's disease of the breast are age, personal history of breast cancer, family history of breast cancer, irradiation, and genetic mutations.
Risk Factors
Common risk factors in the development of Paget's disease of the breast are.[1][2][3][4]
- Gender female > male.
- Age incidence is higher with increase in age
- Personal history of breast cancer
- Family history of breast cancer
- Irradiation
- Genetic mutations
- BRCA1
- BRCA2 4-14% of male breast cancer
- Klinefelter's syndrome in males.
- Mutations in RAD51B, PALB2, CYP17, CHEK2, BRIP1, RAD51C and androgen receptors.
- BRIP1 and RAD51C have not been seen in male patients.
- Endocrine-related states with hyperestrogenism such as:
- obesity
- exogenous estrogen
- testicular dystrophic lesions in males.
- Environmental exposure to radiation, high temperature and electromagnetic fields.
- Orchitis/epididymitis in males.
- Volatile organic compounds (like: tetrachloroethylene, perchloroethylene, trichloroethylene, dichloroethylene, and benzene)
- Sociodemographic factors such as:
- People of African or Ashkenazi Jewish descent
- Excessive use of alcohol
References
- ↑ Morandi, Luca; Pession, Annalisa; Marucci, Gian Luca; Foschini, Maria Pia; Pruneri, Giancarlo; Viale, Giuseppe; Eusebi, Vincenzo (2003). "Intraepidermal cells of paget's carcinoma of the breast can be genetically different from those of the underlying carcinoma". Human Pathology. 34 (12): 1321–1330. doi:10.1016/S0046-8177(03)00405-2. ISSN 0046-8177.
- ↑ Ruddy, K. J.; Winer, E. P. (2013). "Male breast cancer: risk factors, biology, diagnosis, treatment, and survivorship". Annals of Oncology. 24 (6): 1434–1443. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdt025. ISSN 0923-7534.
- ↑ Ruddy KJ, Winer EP (June 2013). "Male breast cancer: risk factors, biology, diagnosis, treatment, and survivorship". Ann. Oncol. 24 (6): 1434–43. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdt025. PMID 23425944.
- ↑ Orr, Nick; Lemnrau, Alina; Cooke, Rosie; Fletcher, Olivia; Tomczyk, Katarzyna; Jones, Michael; Johnson, Nichola; Lord, Christopher J; Mitsopoulos, Costas; Zvelebil, Marketa; McDade, Simon S; Buck, Gemma; Blancher, Christine; Trainer, Alison H; James, Paul A; Bojesen, Stig E; Bokmand, Susanne; Nevanlinna, Heli; Mattson, Johanna; Friedman, Eitan; Laitman, Yael; Palli, Domenico; Masala, Giovanna; Zanna, Ines; Ottini, Laura; Giannini, Giuseppe; Hollestelle, Antoinette; Ouweland, Ans M W van den; Novaković, Srdjan; Krajc, Mateja; Gago-Dominguez, Manuela; Castelao, Jose Esteban; Olsson, Håkan; Hedenfalk, Ingrid; Easton, Douglas F; Pharoah, Paul D P; Dunning, Alison M; Bishop, D Timothy; Neuhausen, Susan L; Steele, Linda; Houlston, Richard S; Garcia-Closas, Montserrat; Ashworth, Alan; Swerdlow, Anthony J (2012). "Genome-wide association study identifies a common variant in RAD51B associated with male breast cancer risk". Nature Genetics. 44 (11): 1182–1184. doi:10.1038/ng.2417. ISSN 1061-4036.