Sandbox:Shivam Singla

Multiple Sclerosis

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Shivam Singla M.B.B.S.

Overview

Multiple Sclerosis ( MS) is a demyelinating disease of brain and spinal cord affecting mostly peoples in the age of 20-40, Although it affects the children also. The term multiple sclerosis refers to the numerous glial scars (or sclerae – essentially plaques or lesions) that develop on the white matter of the brain and spinal cord. The disease course of MS varies from mild to to moderate in severity with the presence of disabilities as disease progresses over time. Its hard to predict the course disease for any individual who has been recently diagnosed with M.S. The more is still to learn regarding the course of disease, its progression and the newer therapies used these days to treat and slow the progression of M.S. Even after years of research and medical advancement still there is no cure and no clear ways to prevent MS from developing.

Historical Perspective

COVID -19 was first identified in Wuhan, China with a global spread resulting in on going pandemic.
Till 4th May 2020, more than 3.52 million cases have been reported across 187 countries worldwide.

Classification[edit | edit source]

[Disease name] may be classified according to [classification method] into [number] subtypes/groups:

[group1]
[group2]
[group3]

Other variants of [disease name] include [disease subtype 1], [disease subtype 2], and [disease subtype 3].

Pathophysiology[edit | edit source]

The pathogenesis of [disease name] is characterized by [feature1], [feature2], and [feature3].
The [gene name] gene/Mutation in [gene name] has been associated with the development of [disease name], involving the [molecular pathway] pathway.
On gross pathology, [feature1], [feature2], and [feature3] are characteristic findings of [disease name].
On microscopic histopathological analysis, [feature1], [feature2], and [feature3] are characteristic findings of [disease name].

Clinical Features[edit | edit source]

Differentiating [disease name] from other Diseases[edit | edit source]

[Disease name] must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [clinical feature 1], [clinical feature 2], and [clinical feature 3], such as:

[Differential dx1]
[Differential dx2]
[Differential dx3]

Epidemiology and Demographics[edit | edit source]

The prevalence of [disease name] is approximately [number or range] per 100,000 individuals worldwide.
In [year], the incidence of [disease name] was estimated to be [number or range] cases per 100,000 individuals in [location].

Age[edit | edit source]

Patients of all age groups may develop [disease name].

[Disease name] is more commonly observed among patients aged [age range] years old.
[Disease name] is more commonly observed among [elderly patients/young patients/children].

Gender[edit | edit source]

[Disease name] affects men and women equally.

[Gender 1] are more commonly affected with [disease name] than [gender 2].
The [gender 1] to [Gender 2] ratio is approximately [number > 1] to 1.

Race[edit | edit source]

There is no racial predilection for [disease name].

[Disease name] usually affects individuals of the [race 1] race.
[Race 2] individuals are less likely to develop [disease name].

Risk Factors[edit | edit source]

Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] are [risk factor 1], [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4].

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis[edit | edit source]

The majority of patients with [disease name] remain asymptomatic for [duration/years].
Early clinical features include [manifestation 1], [manifestation 2], and [manifestation 3].
If left untreated, [#%] of patients with [disease name] may progress to develop [manifestation 1], [manifestation 2], and [manifestation 3].
Common complications of [disease name] include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].
Prognosis is generally [excellent/good/poor], and the [1/5/10year mortality/survival rate] of patients with [disease name] is approximately [#%].

Diagnosis[edit | edit source]

Diagnostic Criteria[edit | edit source]

The diagnosis of [disease name] is made when at least [number] of the following [number] diagnostic criteria are met:

[criterion 1]
[criterion 2]
[criterion 3]
[criterion 4]

Symptoms[edit | edit source]

[Disease name] is usually asymptomatic.
Symptoms of [disease name] may include the following:

[symptom 1]
[symptom 2]
[symptom 3]
[symptom 4]
[symptom 5]
[symptom 6]

Physical Examination[edit | edit source]

Patients with [disease name] usually appear [general appearance].
Physical examination may be remarkable for:

[finding 1]
[finding 2]
[finding 3]
[finding 4]
[finding 5]
[finding 6]

Laboratory Findings[edit | edit source]

There are no specific laboratory findings associated with [disease name].

A [positive/negative] [test name] is diagnostic of [disease name].
An [elevated/reduced] concentration of [serum/blood/urinary/CSF/other] [lab test] is diagnostic of [disease name].
Other laboratory findings consistent with the diagnosis of [disease name] include [abnormal test 1], [abnormal test 2], and [abnormal test 3].

Imaging Findings[edit | edit source]

There are no [imaging study] findings associated with [disease name].

[Imaging study 1] is the imaging modality of choice for [disease name].
On [imaging study 1], [disease name] is characterized by [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
[Imaging study 2] may demonstrate [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

Other Diagnostic Studies[edit | edit source]

[Disease name] may also be diagnosed using [diagnostic study name].
Findings on [diagnostic study name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

Treatment[edit | edit source]

Medical Therapy[edit | edit source]

There is no treatment for [disease name]; the mainstay of therapy is supportive care.

The mainstay of therapy for [disease name] is [medical therapy 1] and [medical therapy 2].
[Medical therapy 1] acts by [mechanism of action 1].
Response to [medical therapy 1] can be monitored with [test/physical finding/imaging] every [frequency/duration].

Surgery[edit | edit source]

Surgery is the mainstay of therapy for [disease name].
[Surgical procedure] in conjunction with [chemotherapy/radiation] is the most common approach to the treatment of [disease name].
[Surgical procedure] can only be performed for patients with [disease stage] [disease name].

Prevention[edit | edit source]

There are no primary preventive measures available for [disease name].

Effective measures for the primary prevention of [disease name] include [measure1], [measure2], and [measure3].

Once diagnosed and successfully treated, patients with [disease name] are followed-up every [duration]. Follow-up testing includes [test 1], [test 2], and [test 3].

References[edit | edit source]

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Introduction