Burn prevention

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Eman Alademi, M.D.[2]

Overview

Primary Prevention

To help prevent burns:[1][2]

  • Install household smoke alarms. Check and change batteries regularly.[3][4][5]
  • Fireworks[6]
  • Flame-retardant materials[7][8]
  • Low ignition propensity cigarettes[9][10]
  • Reducing self-harm: teach children about fire safety and the hazards of matches and fireworks.[11][12]
  • Keep children from climbing on top of a stove or grabbing hot items like irons and oven doors.[13][14][15]
  • Kitchen stoves and lamps[16],Turn pot handles toward the back of the stove so that children can't grab them and they can't be accidentally knocked over.[17]
  • Place fire extinguishers in key locations at home, work, and school.
  • Remove electrical cords from floors and keep them out of reach.
  • Know about and practice fire escape routes at home, work, and school.[18]
  • Set the temperature of a water heater to 120 degrees or less.[19][20]


Lifestyle and home remedies(secondary prevention)

To treat minor burns, follow these steps:[21]

  • Cool the burn. apply a cool water (not cold) , wet compress until the pain eases. Don't use ice. Putting ice directly on a burn can cause further damage to the tissue[22].
  • Remove rings or other tight items. Try to do this quickly and gently, before the burned area swells.
  • Don't break blisters. Fluid-filled blisters protect against infection. If a blister breaks, clean the area with water (mild soap is optional). Apply an antibiotic ointment. But if a rash appears, stop using the ointment.
  • Apply lotion. Once a burn is completely cooled, apply a lotion, such as one that contains aloe vera or a moisturizer. This helps prevent drying and provides relief.
  • Bandage the burn. Cover the burn with a sterile gauze bandage (not fluffy cotton). Wrap it loosely to avoid putting pressure on burned skin. Bandaging keeps air off the area, reduces pain and protects blistered skin.[23]
  • Take a pain reliever. Over-the-counter medications, such as ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others), naproxen sodium (Aleve) or acetaminophen (Tylenol, others), can help relieve pain.
  • Consider a tetanus shot. Make sure that your tetanus booster is up to date. Doctors recommend that people get a tetanus shot at least every 10 years.

Whether your burn was minor or serious, use sunscreen and moisturizer regularly once the wound is healed.[24][25][26]

References

  1. ↑ DiGuiseppi C, Higgins JP (2000). "Systematic review of controlled trials of interventions to promote smoke alarms". Arch Dis Child. 82 (5): 341–8. doi:10.1136/adc.82.5.341. PMC 1718310. PMID 10799419.
  2. ↑ Rybarczyk MM, Schafer JM, Elm CM, Sarvepalli S, Vaswani PA, Balhara KS; et al. (2016). "Prevention of burn injuries in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review". Burns. 42 (6): 1183–92. doi:10.1016/j.burns.2016.04.014. PMID 27161088.
  3. ↑ Liao CC, Rossignol AM (2000). "Landmarks in burn prevention". Burns. 26 (5): 422–34. doi:10.1016/s0305-4179(00)00026-7. PMID 10812263.
  4. ↑ Atiyeh BS, Costagliola M, Hayek SN (2009). "Burn prevention mechanisms and outcomes: pitfalls, failures and successes". Burns. 35 (2): 181–93. doi:10.1016/j.burns.2008.06.002. PMID 18926639.
  5. ↑ Atiyeh BS, Costagliola M, Hayek SN (2009). "Burn prevention mechanisms and outcomes: pitfalls, failures and successes". Burns. 35 (2): 181–93. doi:10.1016/j.burns.2008.06.002. PMID 18926639.
  6. ↑ Puri V, Mahendru S, Rana R, Deshpande M (2009). "Firework injuries: a ten-year study". J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 62 (9): 1103–11. doi:10.1016/j.bjps.2007.12.080. PMID 18603491.
  7. ↑ Liao CC, Rossignol AM (2000). "Landmarks in burn prevention". Burns. 26 (5): 422–34. doi:10.1016/s0305-4179(00)00026-7. PMID 10812263.
  8. ↑ Atiyeh BS, Costagliola M, Hayek SN (2009). "Burn prevention mechanisms and outcomes: pitfalls, failures and successes". Burns. 35 (2): 181–93. doi:10.1016/j.burns.2008.06.002. PMID 18926639.
  9. ↑ Brunnemann KD, Hoffmann D, Gairola CG, Lee BC (1994). "Low ignition propensity cigarettes: smoke analysis for carcinogens and testing for mutagenic activity of the smoke particulate matter". Food Chem Toxicol. 32 (10): 917–22. doi:10.1016/0278-6915(94)90090-6. PMID 7959447.
  10. ↑ Alpert HR, Christiani DC, Orav EJ, Dockery DW, Connolly GN (2014). "Effectiveness of the cigarette ignition propensity standard in preventing unintentional residential fires in Massachusetts". Am J Public Health. 104 (4): e56–61. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301837. PMC 4025697. PMID 24524537.
  11. ↑ Cox SG, Burahee A, Albertyn R, Makahabane J, Rode H (2016). "Parent knowledge on paediatric burn prevention related to the home environment". Burns. 42 (8): 1854–1860. doi:10.1016/j.burns.2016.05.015. PMID 27325218.
  12. ↑ Heard JP, Latenser BA, Liao J (2013). "Burn prevention in Zambia: a work in progress". J Burn Care Res. 34 (6): 598–606. doi:10.1097/BCR.0b013e3182a2aa27. PMID 24043246.
  13. ↑ Forjuoh SN (2006). "Burns in low- and middle-income countries: a review of available literature on descriptive epidemiology, risk factors, treatment, and prevention". Burns. 32 (5): 529–37. doi:10.1016/j.burns.2006.04.002. PMID 16777340.
  14. ↑ Daisy S, Mostaque AK, Bari TS, Khan AR, Karim S, Quamruzzaman Q (2001). "Socioeconomic and cultural influence in the causation of burns in the urban children of Bangladesh". J Burn Care Rehabil. 22 (4): 269–73. doi:10.1097/00004630-200107000-00004. PMID 11482685.
  15. ↑ Peleg K, Goldman S, Sikron F (2005). "Burn prevention programs for children: do they reduce burn-related hospitalizations?". Burns. 31 (3): 347–50. doi:10.1016/j.burns.2004.10.028. PMID 15774292.
  16. ↑ Sharma NP, Duke JM, Lama BB, Thapa B, Dahal P, Bariya ND; et al. (2015). "Descriptive Epidemiology of Unintentional Burn Injuries Admitted to a Tertiary-Level Government Hospital in Nepal: Gender-Specific Patterns". Asia Pac J Public Health. 27 (5): 551–60. doi:10.1177/1010539515585386. PMID 25957289.
  17. ↑ Schwebel DC, Swart D, Simpson J, Hobe P, Hui SK (2009). "An intervention to reduce kerosene-related burns and poisonings in low-income South African communities". Health Psychol. 28 (4): 493–500. doi:10.1037/a0014531. PMID 19594274.
  18. ↑ Greenbaum AR, Donne J, Wilson D, Dunn KW (2004). "Intentional burn injury: an evidence-based, clinical and forensic review". Burns. 30 (7): 628–42. doi:10.1016/j.burns.2004.03.019. PMID 15475134.
  19. ↑ Erdmann TC, Feldman KW, Rivara FP, Heimbach DM, Wall HA (1991). "Tap water burn prevention: the effect of legislation". Pediatrics. 88 (3): 572–7. PMID 1881739.
  20. ↑ Makhubalo O, Schulman D, Rode H, Cox S (2018). "Acceptability and functionality of the "Kettle Strap": An attempt to decrease kettle related burns in children". Burns. 44 (5): 1361–1365. doi:10.1016/j.burns.2018.04.013. PMID 29776861.
  21. ↑ Ptacek JT, Patterson DR, Montgomery BK, Heimbach DM (1995). "Pain, coping, and adjustment in patients with burns: preliminary findings from a prospective study". J Pain Symptom Manage. 10 (6): 446–55. doi:10.1016/0885-3924(95)00083-b. PMID 7561227.
  22. ↑ Pushkar NS, Sandorminsky BP (1982). "Cold treatment of burns". Burns Incl Therm Inj. 9 (2): 101–10. doi:10.1016/0305-4179(82)90056-0. PMID 7150995.
  23. ↑ Weinberg K, Birdsall C, Vail D, Marano MA, Petrone SJ, Mansour EH (2000). "Pain and anxiety with burn dressing changes: patient self-report". J Burn Care Rehabil. 21 (2): 155–6, discussion 157-61. doi:10.1097/00004630-200021020-00013. PMID 10752749.
  24. ↑ Sambandan DR, Ratner D (2011). "Sunscreens: an overview and update". J Am Acad Dermatol. 64 (4): 748–58. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2010.01.005. PMID 21292345.
  25. ↑ Neale R, Williams G, Green A (2002). "Application patterns among participants randomized to daily sunscreen use in a skin cancer prevention trial". Arch Dermatol. 138 (10): 1319–25. doi:10.1001/archderm.138.10.1319. PMID 12374537.
  26. ↑ Petersen B, Wulf HC (2014). "Application of sunscreen--theory and reality". Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 30 (2–3): 96–101. doi:10.1111/phpp.12099. PMID 24313722.

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