Atrial fibrillation risk factors
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Atrial fibrillation risk factors On the Web | |
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Risk calculators and risk factors for Atrial fibrillation risk factors | |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Anahita Deylamsalehi, M.D.[2]
Overview
Atrial fibrillation (AF) affects millions of people, and the number increases with increasing age. Men are more likely than women to have the condition. In the United States, AF is more common among Caucasians than African-Americans or Hispanic Americans. The risk of AF increases with age. This is mostly because the risk for heart disease and other conditions that can cause AF also increases with increasing age.
Risk Factors
Reversible or Modifiable Underlying Conditions Associated with Atrial Fibrillation
- Alcohol and alcohol withdrawal
- Breath spray which contains alcohol [1]
- Caffeine (coffee or tea)
- Cocaine
- Smoking[2]
- Coronary artery bypass graft surgery
- Esophageal surgery [2]
- Hyperthyroidism
- Hypomagnesemia[3]
- Hypothermia
- Hypothyroidism
- Hypoxia
- Pericarditis and pericardial disease in general
- Pheochromocytoma
- Pulmonary embolism
- Stimulants
Irreversible Underlying Conditions Associated with Atrial Fibrillation
- Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy [2]
- Heart failure[4]
- Short QT syndrome
- Chronic renal failure[5]
- Ischemia heart disease[2]
Risk Stratification
- Once a patient develops atrial fibrillation, their risk of subsequent events can be assessed using the following scores:
- The risk of bleeding associated with anticoagulation can be assessed using the following score:
Risk factors for Ischemic Stroke or Systemic Embolization in Patients with Non-valvular Atrial Fibrillation
Risk factors and relative risks are tabulated below: [6][7][2]
| Risk Factor | Relative Risk |
| Advanced age (continuous, per decade) | |
| History of hypertension | |
| Heart failure or impaired left ventricular systolic function | |
| Coronary artery disease (CAD) | |
| Diabetes mellitus (DM) | |
| Previous stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA) |
Other Risk Factors
Reference
- ↑ Ridker PM, Gibson CM, Lopez R (1989). "Atrial fibrillation induced by breath spray". N Engl J Med. 320 (2): 124. PMID 2914028.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 Allessie MA, Boyden PA, Camm AJ, Kléber AG, Lab MJ, Legato MJ; et al. (2001). "Pathophysiology and prevention of atrial fibrillation". Circulation. 103 (5): 769–77. doi:10.1161/01.cir.103.5.769. PMID 11156892.
- ↑ May Khan A, Lubitz SA, Sullivan LM, Sun JX, Levy D, Vasan RS; et al. (2012). "Low Serum Magnesium and the Development of Atrial Fibrillation in the Community: The Framingham Heart Study". Circulation. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.082511. PMID 23172839.
- ↑ Chamberlain AM, Redfield MM, Alonso A, Weston SA, Roger VL (2011). "Atrial fibrillation and mortality in heart failure: a community study". Circ Heart Fail. 4 (6): 740–6. doi:10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.111.962688. PMC 3222889. PMID 21920917.
- ↑ McManus DD, Rienstra M, Benjamin EJ (2012). "An update on the prognosis of patients with atrial fibrillation". Circulation. 126 (10): e143–6. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.129759. PMC 3678907. PMID 22949543.
- ↑ Estes NA, Halperin JL, Calkins H, Ezekowitz MD, Gitman P, Go AS et al. (2008) ACC/AHA/Physician Consortium 2008 clinical performance measures for adults with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Performance Measures and the Physician Consortium for Performance Improvement (Writing Committee to Develop Clinical Performance Measures for Atrial Fibrillation): developed in collaboration with the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation 117 (8):1101-20. DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.187192 PMID: 18283199
- ↑ Nieuwlaat R, Prins MH, Le Heuzey JY, Vardas PE, Aliot E, Santini M; et al. (2008). "Prognosis, disease progression, and treatment of atrial fibrillation patients during 1 year: follow-up of the Euro Heart Survey on atrial fibrillation". Eur Heart J. 29 (9): 1181–9. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehn139. PMID 18397874.