Hospital-acquired pneumonia medical therapy

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Editor(s)-in-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Phone:617-632-7753; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Priyamvada Singh, M.D. [2]

Overview

Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus is a common isolate in the patients with Hospital-acquired pneumonia. The treatment options commonly used are vancomycin, linezolid, and clindamycin. Linezolid may be preferred in patients with renal insufficiency as the nephrotoxicity with Linezolid is less compared to vancomycin. Additionally, in patients with vancomycin MIC ≥ 2mcg/mL linezolid is preferred. Linezolid resistance and failure are rare.

Major points and Recommendations for comparing diagnostic strategies in adults with hospital-acquired, ventilator-associated, and healthcare-associated pneumonia (DONOT EDIT)

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Use the algorithm in Figure 2 to select an initial empiric therapy based on the absence or presence of risk factors for MDR pathogens (Tables 2–4) (Level III). These risk factors include prolonged duration of hospitalization (5 days or more), admission from a healthcare-related facility, and recent prolonged antibiotic therapy (Level II). Choice of specific agents should be dictated by local microbiology, cost, availability, and formulary restrictions (Level II). Patients with healthcare-related pneumonia should be treated for potentially drug-resistant organisms, regardless of when during the hospital stay the pneumonia begins (Level II) Inappropriate therapy (failure of the etiologic pathogen to be sensitive to the administered antibiotic) is a major risk factor for excess mortality and length of stay for patients with HAP, and antibiotic-resistant organisms are the pathogens most commonly associated with inappropriate therapy (Level II) In selecting empiric therapy for patients who have recently received an antibiotic, an effort should be made to use an agent from a different antibiotic class, because recent therapy increases the probability of inappropriate therapy and can predispose to resistance to that same class of antibiotics (Level III) Initial antibiotic therapy should be given promptly because delays in administration may add to excess mortality resulting from VAP (Level II) (37, 112, 231, 232) Initial empiric therapy is more likely to be appropriate if a protocol for antibiotic selection is developed on the basis of the recommendations in Tables 2–4, but adapted to local patterns of antibiotic resistance, with each ICU collecting this information and updating it on a regular basis (Level II)

”

For Level of evidence and classes click here.Major points and recommendations for initial antibiotic therapy.

Antimicrobial therapy

Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus

High risk patients

• Critically ill patients
• History of recent antibiotic therapy
• Patient admitted in a hospital with increased incidence of MRSA.

Antibiotic choice for MRSA

• Vancomycin (15-20 mg/kg Q8hrly or Q12 hrly in patients with normal renal funcion and target vancomycin of 15 - 20 mg/L)
• Linezolid - 600 mg twice daily IV or orally
• Teicoplanin
• Clindamycin if documented susceptibility present
• In case no MRSA is isolated on culture these antibiotics should be discontinued.

Advantages of linezolid over vancomycin

Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus is a common isolate in the patients with Hospital-acquired pneumonia. The treatment options commonly used are vancomycin, linezolid, and clindamycin. Linezolid may be preferred in patients with renal insufficiency as the nephrotoxicity with Linezolid is less compared to vancomycin. Additionally, in patients with vancomycin MIC ≥ 2mcg/mL linezolid is preferred. Linezolid resistance and failure are rare.

Side-effects of Linezolid

• Thrombocytopenia
• Gastrointestinal side-effects
• Renal dysfunction

Side-effects of vancomycin

• Renal toxicity were more common in vancomycin compared to linezolid

Vancomycin trough

• The target vancomycin trough concentrations is 15 to 20 mcg/mL , , .

Supportive trial data

In a study done in 1184 patients treated with linezolid and vancomycin no significant difference in 60 days mortality were found between the two groups. The side-effects profile were similar in both the groups however nephrotoxicity was commoner in the vancomycin group. Linezolid was found to be non-inferior to vancomycin for clinical outcome, and microbiologic outcome at end of treatment and end of study.

Methicillin sensitive staphylococcus aureus

• If the culture grows methicillin sensitive staphylococcus aureus then empiric treatment for MRSA should be stopped and MSSA agents such as nafcillin (2g iv Q4hrly) or oxacillin (2g iv Q4hrly) should be started.

Gram negative pathogen

• There is a lack of consensus regarding the choice of antibiotics for gram negative pathogens in ventilator associated pneumonia, and health care associated pneumonia.
• Large randomized clinical trials regarding the choice of anti-microbial agents in these conditions are lacking.
• Many hospitals prefer combination drug therapy over monotherpy in these conditions. The rationale behind these are:
  • Wide coverage of pathogenic strains
  • Avoidance of development of antibiotic resistant strains.
  • In ICU settings cephalosporins should be avoided as monotherapy, due to problems of developments of resistant organism.
  • The preferred agants in ICU settings are: carbapenem (ertapenem, meropenem, doripenem, and imipenem-cilastatin).

Legionella

At risk population

• Diabetes mellitus
• Chronic renal insufficiency
• Pulmonary diseases
• Glucocorticoids
• Hospitals with water supplies infected with legionella

Anti-microbial agents

• Azithromycin
• Fluoroquinolones

Anaerobes

Antimicrobial agents

• Clindamycin
• A beta-lactam-beta-lactamase inhibitor combination
• Carbapenem