Cervical cancer epidemiology and demographics
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [3]
Overview
Cervical cancer is one of the most common and fatal forms of cancer worldwide.
Epidemiology and Demographics
Worldwide, cervical cancer is the fifth most deadly cancer in women.[1] It affects about 1 per 123 women per year and kills about 9 per 100,000 per year.
In the United States, it is only the 8th most common cancer of women. In 1998, about 12,800 women were diagnosed in the US and about 4,800 died (Canavan & Doshi, 2000). Among gynecological cancers it ranks behind endometrial cancer and ovarian cancer. The incidence and mortality in the US are about half those for the rest of the world, which is due in part to the success of screening with the Pap smear.[2]
In Great Britain, the incidence is 8.8/100,000 per year (2001), similar to the rest of Northern Europe, and mortality is 2.8/100,000 per year (2003) (Cancer Research UK Cervical cancer statistics for the UK). With a 42% reduction from 1988-1997 the NHS implemented screening programme has been highly successful, screening the highest risk age group (25-49 years) every 3 years, and those ages 50-64 every 5 years.
A study published in 2002 (Castellsagué et al) reports that male circumcision can reduce the risk of penile HPV infection in a man, and so the risk of cervical cancer in his female partner. The authors state that "it would not make sense to promote circumcision as a way to control cervical cancer in the US, where Pap smears usually detect it at a treatable stage". However, Menczer (2004) quotes research that male circumcision probably does not contribute to a lower incidence of cervical cancer in Jewish populations.
One study suggests that prostaglandin in semen may fuel the growth of cervical and uterine tumours and that affected women may benefit from the use of condoms.[3][4]
Prevalence
- In the United States, the age-adjusted prevalence of cervical cancer is 87.9 per 100,000 in 2011.[5]
Incidence
- The delay-adjusted incidence of cervical cancer in 2011 was estimated to be 6.83 per 100,000 persons in the United States.[5]
- In 2011, the age-adjusted incidence of cervical cancer was 6.73 per 100,000 persons in the United States.[5]
Age
- While the overall age-adjusted incidence of cervical cancer in the United States between 2007 and 2011 is 7.8 per 100,000, the age-adjusted incidence of cervical cancer by age category is:[5]
- Under 65 years: 7.3 per 100,000
- 65 and over: 11.5 per 100,000
Race
- Shown below is a table depicting the age-adjusted prevalence of cervical cancer by race in 2011 in the United States.[5]
| All Races | White | Black | Asian/Pacific Islander | Hispanic | |
| Age-adjusted prevalence | 87.9 per 100,000 | 91.3 per 100,000 | 81.9 per 100,000 | 75.5 per 100,000 | 141 per 100,000 |
- Shown below is an image depicting the incidence of cervical cancer by race in the United States between YEAR and YEAR.[5]
[Insert figure x.2 from the report]
API: Asian/Pacific Islander; AI/AN: American Indian/ Alaska Native
Percent Distribution of Cervical Cancer by Histology
Among patients with histologically confirmed cases of cervical cancer, the percent distribution of the types of the disease between YEAR and YEAR in the United States are:[5]
References
- ↑ [1]
- ↑ [2]
- ↑ BBC Semen 'may fuel cervical cancer' 31 August 2006
- ↑ Medical Research Council Semen can worsen cervical cancer
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Garshell J, Miller D, Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Yu M, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z,Mariotto A, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA (eds). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2011, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2011/, based on November 2013 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2014.