Coronary angiography

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Synonyms and keywords: coronary arteriography, cardiac arteriography, cardiac angiogram, coronary angio, coronary artery angio, coronary cath, cardiac cath

Section I: General Principles
Introduction Overview Historical perspective Contraindications Appropriate Use Criteria for Revascularization Complications Technique Diagnostic procedures Technique Angiographic Core Lab Definitions Definitions of commonly used terms Angiographic film quality

Section II: Coronary Anatomy and Projection Angles

Normal Coronary Anatomy Coronary arteries Left coronary artery | Left main coronary artery | Left anterior descending artery | Left circumflex artery | Ramus intermedius Right coronary artery Coronary artery dominance Coronary Anatomic Variants Separate ostia Anomalous origins of the coronary arteries Coronary artery fistula Projection Angles Essentials of optimal coronary angiographic projections Standard angiographic views Left coronary artery Right coronary artery

Section III: Angiogram Analysis

Assessment of Perfusion How to Assess Epicardial Coronary Blood Flow TIMI flow grade: TIMI flow grade 0 | TIMI flow grade 1 | TIMI flow grade 2 | TIMI flow grade 3 TIMI frame count (TFC) Pulsatile flow Deceleration How to Assess Myocardial Perfusion TIMI myocardial perfusion grade: TIMI myocardial perfusion grade 0 | TIMI myocardial perfusion grade 1 | TIMI myocardial perfusion grade 2 | TIMI myocardial perfusion grade 3 Assessment of Lesion Morphology Lesion Complexity ACC-AHA characteristics of type A, B, and C coronary lesions Risk assessment using lesion morphologic criteria Thrombus Grade PERFUSE thrombus grade: PERFUSE thrombus grade 0 | PERFUSE thrombus grade 1 | PERFUSE thrombus grade 2 | PERFUSE thrombus grade 3 | PERFUSE thrombus grade 4 | PERFUSE thrombus grade 5 | PERFUSE thrombus grade 6 Lesion Morphology Quantitative angiography: Minimal lumen diameter • Percent stenosis • Reference diameter • Lesion length • Residual stenosis • Average reference segment diameter • Plaque area • Plaque volume • Definitions of Preprocedural Lesion Morphology Irregular lesion Disease extent Arterial foreshortening Infarct related artery (Culprit lesion) Restenosis Degenerated saphenous vein graft Collaterals Coronary artery ulceration Coronary artery aneurysm Coronary artery bifurcation Coronary artery trifurcation Vein and Arterial Bypass Graft

Section IV: Advanced Diagnostic and Therapeutic Angiography in PCI

Diagnostic Catheterization Risks stratification and benefits of PCI | Conscious Sedation | Preparation of the Patient for Diagnostic Catheterization | Technical Aspects of the Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory | Obtaining Venous and Arterial Access | Equipment Used in Diagnostic Cardiac Catheterizaiton | Hemodynamic Assessment in the Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory | Radiation Safety Therapeutic Catheterization Therapeutic procedures | Advances in catheter based physical treatments PCI in Specific Lesion Types Classification of the Lesion | The Calcified Lesion | The Ostial Lesion | The Angulated or Tortuous Lesion | The Bifurcation Lesion | The Long Lesion | The Bridge Lesion | Vasospasm | The Chronic Total Occlusion | The Left Internal Mammary Artery | Multivessel Disease | Distal Anastomotic Lesions | Left Main Intervention | The Thrombotic Lesion PCI Complications Vessel Perforation | Dissection | Distal Embolization | No-reflow | Abrupt Closure | Restenosis | Late Acquired Stent Malapposition | Loss of Side Branch | Multiple Complications | Coronary stent thrombosis | Slow flow | Pulsatile flow | Flow deceleration | Ectasia | Intimal flap | Staining

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