Mental retardation risk factors

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Kiran Singh, M.D. [2]

Risk Factors

Genetic and Physiological

Prenatal Etiologies

• Genetic syndromes (e.g., sequencevariations or copy number variants involving one or more genes; chromosomal disorders)
• Inborn errors of metabolism
• Brain malformations
• Maternal disease (includingplacental disease)
• Environmental influences (e.g., alcohol, other drugs, toxins, teratogens)

Perinatal Etiologies

• Variety of labor and delivery-related events leading toneonatal encephalopathy

Postnatal Etiologies

• Hypoxic ischemic injury
• Traumatic brain injury
• Infections
• Demyelinating disorders
• Seizure disorders (e.g., infantile spasms)
• Severe and chronic social deprivation
• Toxic metabolic syndromes and intoxications(e.g., lead, mercury)