Diarrhea causes

Diarrhea Microchapters
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Overview
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Classification Acute Diarrhea Chronic diarrhea
Differential Diagnosis

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [2]; M.Umer Tariq [3]; Mugilan Poongkunran M.B.B.S [4]

Overview

The principal cause of diarrhea stems from ingestion of unsafe drinking water (typically from admixture of raw sewage to water supplies); the occurrence is predominantly in lesser developed countries. The common causes of acute diarrhea are infection, allergy, food intolerance, foodborne illness and/or extreme excesses of vitamin C and/or magnesium and may be accompanied by abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting. Infectious diarrhea is most commonly caused by viral infections or bacterial toxins. Diarrhea can also be a principal symptom of more serious diseases, such as dysentery, Montezuma's Revenge, cholera, or botulism, and can also be indicative of a chronic syndrome such as Crohn's disease. Temporary diarrhea can also result from the ingestion of laxative medications or large quantities of certain foods like prunes with laxative properties. Though appendicitis patients do not generally have diarrhea, it is a common symptom of a ruptured appendix. It is also an effect of severe radiation sickness.

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.

Acute appendicitis Acute kidney failure Acute pancreatitis Anaphylaxis Angioedema Carbon monoxide poisoning Digoxin toxicity Ergotism

Food poisoning Heavy metal poisoning Herbal extract overdose Infectious diarrhea Inflammatory bowel disease Insect bite allergy Intususception

Ischemic colitis Organophosphate poisoning Pesticide poisoning Pseudomembranous colitis Severe combined immunodeficiency Staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome Waterhouse-Friederichsen syndrome

Common Causes

ACE inhibitors Alcohol intoxication Alcohol withdrawal Amebiasis Anti retroviral agents Antifungals Bacillary dysentery Bacterial toxin Bile acid sequestrant Campylobacter jejuni Cephalosporins Chemotherapeutic agents

Cholestatic jaundice Citalopram Colitis Colorectal polyps Diabetic neuropathy Diverticulitis Doxycycline Entamoeba histolytica Escherichia coli Food poisoning Fosfomycin Helminthiasis Hepatitis A Hepatitis E

Inflammatory bowel disease Lactose intolerance Macrolides Malabsorption syndrome Opioid withdrawal Proton pump inhibitors Pseudomembranous colitis Radiation sickness Salmonellosis Statins Thiazide diuretics Triptans

Causes According to Pathophysiology

Osmotic Diarrhea

Abetalipoproteinaemia Alagille syndrome Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor Aminoglycosides Ampicillin Antacids Apolipoprotein B deficiency Ascariasis Auranofin Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome Bacitracin Biguanides Billroth II procedure Blind loop syndrome Carcinoid syndrome Celiac disease Cholesteryl ester storage disease Cholestyramine Chronic granulomatous disease Chylomicron retention disease Colchicine Colestyramine

Common variable immunodeficiency Cronkhite-Canada disease Diabetic neuropathy Diffuse systemic sclerosis Dumping syndrome Eflornithine Fasciolopsiasis Fructose malabsorption Gastrointestinal amyloidosis Gastrointestinal lymphomas Giardiasis Glucose-galactose malabsorption HIV Kanamycin Kwashiorkor Lactose intolerance Magnesium salts Malabsorption syndrome Malassimilation Mannitol Mastocytosis Ménétrier's disease

Methyldopa Microsporidiosis Milk allergy Mixed connective tissue disease Neomycin Octreotide Orlistat Osmotic laxative Pearson syndrome Protein losing enteropathy Short bowel syndrome Shwachman-Diamond syndrome Small bowel bacterial overgrowth syndrome Somatostatinoma Sorbitol Strongyloidiasis Sucrase-isomaltase deficiency Sucrose intolerance Tetracyclines Tropical sprue Whipple disease

Secretory Diarrhea

Addison's disease Anaphylaxis Angioedema Anthraquinone Antidepressants Antineoplastic agents Auranofin Bacterial toxin Biguanides Bisacodyl Brainerd diarrhea Calcitonin Carcinoid syndrome Cardiac glycosides Cephalosporins Chenodeoxycholic acid Cholera Cholestatic jaundice Colchicine

Collagenous colitis Colorectal cancer Congenital chloride diarrhea Diabetic neuropathy Diacerein Diverticulitis Gastrinoma Graves disease Heavy metal poisoning Herbal extract poisoning Hyperthyroidism Hypoaldosteronism Inflammatory bowel disease Intestinal lymphoma IPEX (syndrome) Irritable bowel syndrome Lymphocytic colitis Macrolides Mastocytosis

Medullary carcinoma of thyroid Microvillous inclusion disease Mushroom poisoning NSAIDS Olsalazine Oxyphenisatin Penicillins Pesticide poisoning Phenolphthalein Postsympathectomy Postvagotomy Prostaglandins Ricinoleic acid Somatostatinoma Ticlopidine Vasculitis Villous adenoma VIPoma Zollinger-Ellison syndrome

Motility Related Diarrhea

Cephalosporins Cisapride Colchicine Diabetic neuropathy Erythromycin Hyperthyroidism

Levothyroxine Macrolides Penicillins Postileal resection Postvagotomy

Quinolones Short bowel syndrome Sulphonamides Tetracyclines Ticlopidine

Causes According to Duration

Acute Diarrhea

Addison's disease Appendicitis Bacterial: Aeromonas Campylobacter jejuni Chlamydia Clostridium difficile E.coli Enterobacter Klebsiella Neisseria gonorrhea Plesiomonas Salmonella Shigella Staphylococcus aureus Vibrio cholerae Yersinia enterocolitica Carcinoid syndrome C-cell carcinoma Chronic inflammatory bowel disease Colitis

Drugs: Abuse of laxatives Alcohol Antibiotics Biguanides Cefpodoxime Chemotherapeutics Chemotherapy Cholestyramin Digitalis Diuretics Ergotamine Hydralazine Hydrochlorothiazide Mercaptopurine Opiate withdrawal Parasympathomimetics Physostigmine Quinidine Rabeprazole Reserpine Warfarin Food: Bacillus cereus Clostridium perfringens Staphylococcus aureus

Food allergy Graft versus host reaction Heavy metal intoxication HIV Hyperthyroidism Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) Lactose intolerance Neuroendocrine tumors Parasites: Cryptosporidium Entamoeba histolytica Giardia intestinalis Viral: Adenovirus Coxsackie virus Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Echovirus Influenza virus Norwalk virus Poliovirus Rotavirus

Chronic Diarrhea

Achylia Addison's Disease Amebiasis Amyloidosis Anxiety Autonomous neuropathy Bacterial gastroenteritis Bacterial toxin Behcet syndrome Bile acid malabsorption Biliary fistula Carcinoid syndrome Carcinoma of the pancreas Celiac Sprue Chronic inflammatory bowel disease Collagenous colitis Colon cancer Colorectal polyps Cryptosporidiosis Diabetic enteropathy Diverticular disease

Drugs: Antacids Anthraquinone Castor oil Elvitegravir Lactulose Levofloxacin Mannitol Sorbitol Dumping syndrome Excess coffee, tea Fecal impaction Gastrocolic fistula Giardia Hyperthyroidism HIV Idiopathic lymphangiectasis Irritable bowel syndrome Lymphocytic colitis Lymphomas Malabsorption Maldigestion Medullary thyroid carcinoma

Neuroendocrine tumors Nontropical sprue Obstructive jaundice Parasites: Ascariasis Hookworm Whipworm Pellagra Polyarteritis Postileal resection Postvagotomy Prostaglandins Radiation proctitis Rectal surgery Scleroderma Short bowel syndrome Tuberculosis Verner-Morrison syndrome Villous adenoma Villous carcinoma Whipple's disease

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular	Portal vein thrombosis, superior mesenteric artery syndrome
Chemical / poisoning	Acrodynia, Amlodipine besylate and Atorvastatin calcium trihydrate, acute zinc toxicity, arsenic poisoning, Azacitidine , Cabozantinib carbamate insecticide poisoning, carbon monoxide poisoning, chlordane toxicity, chloroform toxicity, copper toxicity, diazinon poisoning, glutaraldehyde toxicity, heavy metal poisoning, lead poisoning, mercury poisoning, metal fume fever, naphthalene poisoning, organophosphate poisoning, paraquat toxicity, selenium toxicity, thallium toxicity
Dermatologic	Acrodermatitis enteropathica, necrotizing fasciitis
Drug Side Effect	2C-B, 5-HT3 antagonist, 5-methoxy-diisopropyl tryptamine, abacavir, Acamprosate calcium, acarbose, acebutolol, Acetylcysteine, acyclovir, acitretin, aconitine, adefovir, afatinib, alatrofloxacin, albendazole, aldesleukin, Alemtuzumab, alendronate, aliskiren, allopurinol, alosetron, alpha-amanitin, alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, alprazolam, altretamine, ambenonium chloride, amifostine, amiloride, aminocaproic acid, aminophylline, amlexanox, amlodipine, Amlodipine besylate and Atorvastatin calcium trihydrate, ammonium lauryl sulfate, amoxicillin, amphetamine, amphotericin B, amprenavir, amitriptyline, anadenanthera peregrina, anagrelide, anakinra, anastrozole, anisindione, Apremilast, aprepitant, atazanavir, atenolol, atorvastatin, atovaquone, Atropine, auranofin, azithromycin, aztreonam, bacitracin, baclofen, barium nitrate, barium sulfate, Basiliximab, benazepril, bentiromide, bepridil, betaxolol, Bethanechol chloride, bevacizumab, bezafibrate, bicalutamide, biguanide, bisacodyl, bisoprolol, bortezomib, Bosutinib, bromocriptine, brompheniramine, bumetanide, buspirone, busulfan, candesartan, capecitabine, carbamazepine, carbidopa, carboplatin, carvedilol, cefaclor, cefadroxil, cefamandole nafate, cefazolin, cefazolin, cefdinir, cefepime, Cefixime, cefoperazone, cefotaxime, cefotetan, cefoxitin, cefpodoxime, Ceftaroline fosamil, ceftazidime, ceftizoxime, ceftriaxone, cefuroxime, cephalexin, cephradine, cerivastatin, cetuximab, cevimeline, chloral hydrate, chlorambucil, chlordiazepoxide, chlorodyne, chlorothiazide, chlorpheniramine, Chlorpropamide, chlorthalidone, cholestyramine, ciclosporin, cidofovir, cilostazol,, cinacalcet, cisapride, citalopram, cladribine, clamoxyquine, clarithromycin, clavulanic acid, clindamycin, clofarabine, clofibrate, clomipramine, clonazepam, clopidogrel, clorazepate, colchicine, colistimethate, conjugated estrogens, Crizotinib, cyclophosphamide, cyproheptadine, cytarabine, dactinomycin, dalfopristin, dantrolene, daptomycin, darbepoetin alfa, darifenacin, darunavir, dasatinib, daunorubicin, deferasirox, delavirdine, demeclocycline, Denileukin diftitox deracoxib, desoxyn, dextroamphetamine, dextromethorphan, diacerein, diazepam, diclofenac, dicloxacillin, didanosine, diflunisal, digitoxin, digoxin, diltiazem, dipyridamole, dirithromycin, disopyramide, docetaxel, dofetilide, dolasetron, donepezil, doripenem, doxorubicin, doxycycline, DTPA, duloxetine, eculizumab, efavirenz, Elvitegravir, emtricitabine, Emtricitabine, Rilpivirine Hydrochloride, And Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate enalapril, endosulfan, enoxacin, entacapone, Epirubicin hydrochloride, eplerenone, epoetin alfa, ergotamine, erlotinib, erythromycin, esomeprazole, estazolam, estradiol, ethacrynic acid, ethosuximide, etidronate, etodolac, etoposide, exemestane, exenatide, ezetimibe, famciclovir, famotidine, felbamate, fexofenadine, floxuridine, foscarnet sodium, fluconazole, flucytosine, fludarabine, fluoride, fluorouracil, fluoxetine, flurazepam, Flurbiprofen, flutamide, fluticasone, fluvastatin, fluvoxamine, fosamprenavir, foscarnet, fosinopril, frovatriptan, fulvestrant, gabapentin, galantamine, ganciclovir, gatifloxacin, gefitinib, gemcitabine, gemeprost, gemfibrozil, glatiramer, Glipizide, Glyburide and Metformin, glycopyrrolate, granisetron, griseofulvin, guanethidine, guanfacine, hydralazine, hydrochlorothiazide, hydroxychloroquine, hydroxyurea, hyoscyamine, ibandronate, ibuprofen, idarubicin, imatinib, infliximab, interferon alfacon-1 , interferon beta-1b, irinotecan hydrochloride, iron supplements, isocarboxazid, isradipine, itraconazole, Ivacaftor, Ivermectin, ketoconazole, Ketorolac tromethamine, Lactulose, lamivudine, lamotrigine, lanreotide, lansoprazole, lanthanum,Lapatinib, leflunomide, lenalidomide, letrozole, leuprolide, levalbuterol, levetiracetam, levocarnitine, levodopa, levofloxacin, Linaclotide, Lincomycin Hydrochloride, linezolid, liothyronine sodium, lisinopril, lithium, lomefloxacin, lopinavir, loracarbef, loratadine, lorazepam, loxapine, magnesium hydroxide, mebendazole, mechlorethamine, meclofenamate, Mercaptopurine, mefenamic acid, mefloquine, megesterol, Meloxicam, meprobamate, mercaptopurine, meropenem, mesalazine, mesna, mesoridazine, metformin, methamphetamine, methenamine, methotrexate, methoxychlor, methsuximide, methyclothiazide, methylergonovine, methyprylon, metoclopramide, metolachlor, metolazone, metoprolol, metronidazole, miconazole, mifepristone, miglitol, minocycline, misoprostol, mitotane, mitoxantrone, moclobemide, modafinil, moexipril, moricizine, moxifloxacin, mycophenolate, nabumetone, nafcillin, naltrexone, naphthalene, naproxen and esomeprazole magnesium, natalizumab, natamycin, nateglinide, nelfinavir, nevirapine, Niacin/simvastatin, niclosamide, Nilotinib, nizatidine, norfloxacin, nystatin, ofloxacin, omalizumab, omeprazole, ondansetron, oseltamivir, oxaliplatin, oxazepam, oxcarbazepine, oxtriphylline, oxybutynin, palivizumab, pancrelipase, Panitumumab, pantoprazole, Paromomycin sulfate, Paroxetine, pegaspargase, peginterferon alfa-2a, peginterferon alfa-2b, pemetrexed, pemoline, penbutolol, penicillin, pentamidine, pentostatin, pergolide, perindopril, perphenazine, Pertuzumab, phenazopyridine, Phenoxymethylpenicillin, phentermine, pilocarpine, pimecrolimus, pimozide, Pirfenidone, piroxicam, Potassium iodide, plicamycin, polythiazide, posaconazole, Potassium chloride, Potassium citrate, pramipexole, pramlintide, prazepam, praziquantel, prazosin, procainamide, procarbazine, promethazine, propafenone, propranolol, permethrin, protriptyline, pseudoephedrine, pyridostigmine, quinapril, quinidine, quinupristin, rabeprazole, ramipril, ranitidine, rasagiline, Rasburicase, repaglinide, reserpine, retapamulin, ribavirin, rifabutin, rifampin, rilmenidine, riluzole, risedronate, risperidone, ritonavir, rituximab, rivastigmine, rizatriptan, Riluzole, roflumilast, salsalate, saquinavir, Saxagliptin hydrochloride and Metformin hydrochloride sargramostim, Secukinumab, selegiline, sevelamer, sildenafil, simethicone, simvastatin, sirolimus, sitagliptin, sodium oxybate, sodium picosulfate, sodium polystyrene sulfonate, solanine, solifenacin, sorafenib, sotalol, sparfloxacin, spironolactone, stavudine, streptozocin, sulfadiazine, sulfasalazine, sulfisoxazole, sulfisoxazole, sulindac, sumatriptan, sunitinib, tacrine, Tacrolimus, tamsulosin, tegaserod, telbivudine, telithromycin, telmisartan, temozolomide, teniposide, tenofovir, terbinafine, teriparatide, theophylline, thiabendazole, thioguanine, thioridazine, thiothixene, thyroxine, ticlopidine, Tigecycline, tiludronate, tipranavir, tocopherol, tolcapone, topiramate, topotecan, Trametinib dimethyl sulfoxide, trandolapril, tranylcypromine, trastuzumab, trazodone, treprostinil, Tretinoin, triamterene, triazolam, trifluoperazine, trihexyphenidyl, trimeprazine, trimethadione, trimethobenzamide, trimetrexate glucuronate, trimipramine, triprolidine, trovafloxacin, valacyclovir, valganciclovir, valproic acid, valsartan, verapamil, Vilazodone, vinblastine, voriconazole, vorinostat, zanamivir, zidovudine, ziprasidone, zoledronic acid, zolmitriptan, Zoledronate
Ear Nose Throat	Otitis media in children
Endocrine	Addison's disease, carcinoid syndrome, diabetes insipidus, diabetic neuropathy, glucagonoma, Graves disease, hyperthyroidism, hypoaldosteronism, neuroendocrine tumors, somatostatinoma, subacute thyroiditis
Environmental	Abrus precatorious, agastache rugosa, alchornea castaneifolia, amanita phalloides poisoning, amnesic shellfish poisoning, azalea poisoning, bee stings, datura stramonium poisoning, endosulfan toxication, food poisoning, herbal extract overdose, honey intoxication, insect bite allergy, isomalt toxicity, lycorine, marine toxins, mushroom poisoning, narcissus pseudonarcissus, oleander poisoning, pesticide poisoning, phytohaemagglutinin poisoning, phytolacca americana toxicity, ricinus communis poisoning, snakebites, solanine poisoning
Gastroenterologic	Abdominal abscess, abdominal cancer, achlorhydria, acute appendicitis, acute gastritis, bile acid sequestrant, biliary atresia, biliary tract cancer, blind loop syndrome, caecitis, carcinoid syndrome, celiac disease, cholestatic jaundice, colitis, colonic inertia, colonic malakoplakia, colonic villous adenomata, colorectal cancer, colorectal polyps, Crohn's disease, diverticulitis, enteritis, enterocele, enterocolitis, food poisoning, fructose malabsorption, gastric dumping syndrome, gastrinoma, gastritis, gastro-enteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumor, gastroenteritis, gastrointestinal amyloidosis, glucose-galactose malabsorption, gluten sensitivity, Habba syndrome ileitis, inflammatory bowel disease, intestinal lymphangiectasis, intestinal pseudoobstruction, intususception, irritable bowel syndrome, ischemic colitis, lactose intolerance, listeriosis, malabsorption syndrome, malassimilation, Meckel diverticulitis, polyposis, proctitis, protein losing enteropathy, tropical sprue, ulcerative colitis, Whipple's disease, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
Genetic	3-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency, 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase deficiency, abetalipoproteinaemia, Arakawa's syndrome II, aromatic amino acid decarboxylase deficiency, aspartylglycosaminuria, Baber's syndrome, Brown-symmers disease, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, congenital disorder of glycosylation type 1B, congenital intrinsic factor deficiency, congenital short bowel syndrome, congenital toxoplasmosis, Cornelia de Lange syndrome 2, Cronkhite-Canada disease, dibasic aminoaciduria 2, Fabry's disease, familial amyloid polyneuropathy, galactosemia, Gardner's syndrome, Gilbert's syndrome, glutathione synthetase deficiency, Hartnup disease, hereditary angioedema, HNPCC, hyper IgM syndrome, hyperlipoproteinemia type I, inborn amino acid metabolism disorder, juvenile polyposis syndrome, lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia, malonic aciduria, malonyl-CoA decarboxylase deficiency, mucopolysaccharidosis, neuroblastoma, neurofibromatosis, Sanfilippo syndrome, Slone's disease, sphingolipidosis, sucrase-isomaltase deficiency, Turcot syndrome, very long-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency, Von Gierke disease, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, X-linked agammaglobulinaemia
Hematologic	Amyloidosis, C1 esterase inhibitor, chronic myeloproliferative disorders, hyper IgM syndrome, idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome, megaloblastic anemia, myleofibrosis, neutropenia, porphyria Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, X-linked agammaglobulinaemia
Iatrogenic	Adjustable gastric band, colonoscopy, dumping syndrome, graft versus host disease, percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy, postileal resection, postvagotomy, radiation proctitis, rectal surgery, radiation sickness, short bowel syndrome, vaccination
Infectious Disease	Adenophorea, adenoviridae, aeromonas hydrophila, AIDS, amebiasis, ancylostoma duodenale, anguillulosis, anthrax, ascariasis, astrovirus, bacillary dysentery, bacillus cereus, bacterial toxin, balantidiasis, beef tapeworm, blastocystis hominis, borrelia anserina, botulism, campylobacter jejuni, candida, capillaria, cestoda, ciguatera poisoning, clostridium difficile, clostridium perfringens, clostridium sordellii, clostridium welchii, coccidia, cryptosporidiosis, cyclosporiasis, cysticercosis, cytomegalovirus, dientamoeba fragilis, diphyllobothrium infection, dipylidium caninum infection, Ebola, echinococcosis, ehrlichiosis, entamoeba histolytica, escherichia coli, fasciolopsiasis, filariasis, flavivirus, fusarium venenatum, giardia lamblia, hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, helminthiasis, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, hepatitis D, hepatitis E, hepatitis X, hookworm infection, isosporiasis, katayama fever, lassa fever, legionella pneumophila, legionnaires' disease, leptospirosis, lymphogranuloma venereum, malaria, marburg virus, measles, metagonimiasis, mycobacterium avium complex, norwalk gastroenteritis, opisthorchis infection, paragonimus infection, pelvic abscess, pseudomembranous colitis, psittacosis, Q fever, rhabditida, rotavirus, roundworm, salmonellosis, sarcocystis, schistosomiasis, secernentea, shigellosis, small bowel bacterial overgrowth syndrome, staphylococcal food poisoning, staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome, streptobacillus, streptococcal infections, strongyloides, tapeworms, trematoda, trichinella spiralis, trichinosis, trichuriasis, tularemia, typhoid fever, vancomycin, vibrio cholerae, vibrio mimicus, vibrio parahemolyticus, vibrio vulnificus, visceral leishmaniasis, Whipple disease, whipworm infection, yersinia enterocolitica
Musculoskeletal / Ortho	No underlying causes
Neurologic	Common migraine, neuroblastoma, Waterhouse-Friederichsen syndrome
Nutritional / Metabolic	Folate deficiency, food allergies, food intolerances, iron supplements, kwashiorkor, lactose intolerance, milk allergy, pellagra, pernicious anemia, protein losing enteropathy, sucrose intolerance, vitamin C toxicity, zinc deficiency
Obstetric/Gynecologic	Childbirth, endometriosis, neonatal sepsis, ovarian cancer, ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome
Oncologic	Adrenal tumor, carcinoid syndrome, colorectal cancer, Ewing's sarcoma, Gardner's syndrome, gastric cancer, HNPCC, juvenile polyposis syndrome, Kaposi's sarcoma, multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1, neuroendocrine tumors, pancreatic adenoma, peritoneal mesothelioma, neuroendocrine tumors, ovarian cancer, small bowel lymphoma, somatostatinoma, thymus cancer, Vipoma,
Opthalmologic	No underlying causes
Overdose / Toxicity	Carbon monoxide toxicity, carnitine overuse, colchicine toxicity, digoxin toxicity, ergotism, heavy metal ingestion, mazindol
Psychiatric	Anxiety-tension syndrome, chronic fatigue syndrome, dissociative disorder, panic attack
Pulmonary	Anthrax, cystic fibrosis, diffuse systemic sclerosis, legionellosis
Renal / Electrolyte	Acute kidney failure, chronic renal failure, hyperchloremia
Rheum / Immune / Allergy	Acquired angioedema, Amyloidosis, anaphylaxis, autoimmune adrenalitis, autoimmune enteropathy, autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome, autonomic neuropathy, C1 esterase inhibitor, chronic granulomatous disease, complement 5 deficiency, hereditary angioedema, hyper IgM syndrome, Kawasaki disease, Omenn syndrome, Reiter’s syndrome, Satoyoshi syndrome, severe combined immunodeficiency, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, X-linked agammaglobulinaemia
Trauma	No underlying causes
Urologic	Proctitis, Reiter’s syndrome
Miscellaneous	Alcohol intoxication, alcohol withdrawal, anopsology

Causes in Alphabetical Order

2C-B 3-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase deficiency 5-HT3 antagonist 5-methoxy-diisopropyltryptamine Abacavir Abdominal abscess Abdominal cancer Abetalipoproteinemia Abrus precatorious Acamprosate calcium Acarbose Acebutolol Acetylcysteine Achlorhydria Achylia] Acitretin Aconitine Acquired angioedema Acrodermatitis enteropathica Acrodynia Acute appendicitis Acute gastritis Acute kidney failure Acute pancreatitis Acute zinc toxicity Acyclovir Addison's disease Adefovir Adenophorea Adenoviridae Adjustable gastric band Adrenal tumor Aeromonas hydrophila Agastache rugosa AIDS Alagille syndrome Alatrofloxacin Albendazole Alchornea castaneifolia Alcohol intoxication Alcohol withdrawal Aldesleukin Alemtuzumab Alendronate Aliskiren Allopurinol Alosetron Alpha-amanitin Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor Alprazolam Altretamine Amanita phalloides poisoning Ambenonium Amebiasis Amifostine Amikacin Amiloride Aminocaproic acid Aminophylline Amitriptyline Amlexanox Amlodipine Ammonium lauryl sulfate Amnesic shellfish poisoning Amoxicillin Amphetamine Amphotericin B Ampicillin Amprenavir Amyloidosis Anadenanthera peregrina Anagrelide Anakinra Anaphylaxis Anastrozole Ancylostoma duodenale Angioedema Anguillulosis Anisindione Anopsology Antacids Anthraquinone Anthrax Antidepressants Antineoplastic agents Anxiety-tension syndrome Apolipoprotein B deficiency Apomorphine Appendicitis Applesauce Aprepitant Arakawa's syndrome II Aromatic amino acid decarboxylase deficiency Arsenic poisoning Ascariasis Aspartylglycosaminuria Astrovirus Atazanavir Atenolol Athabaskan severe combined immunodeficiency Atorvastatin Atovaquone Auranofin Autoimmune adrenalitis Autoimmune enteropathy Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome Autonomic neuropathy Ayahuasca Azithromycin Aztreonam Baber's syndrome Bacillary dysentery Bacillus cereus Bacitracin Baclofen Bacterial toxin Balantidiasis Barium nitrate Barium sulfate Beef tapeworm Benazepril Bepridil Bethanechol chloride Bevacizumab Bezafibrate Bicalutamide Biguanide Bile acid sequestrant Biliary atresia Biliary tract cancer Billroth II procedure Bisacodyl Bisoprolol Blastocystis hominis Blind loop syndrome Borrelia anserina Bortezomib Botulism Brainerd diarrhea Bromelain Brompheniramine Brown-symmers disease Bumetanide Buspirone Busulfan C1 esterase inhibitor Caecitis Calcitonin Campylobacter jejuni Candesartan Candida Capecitabine Capillaria Capsaicin Carbamazepine Carbon monoxide toxicity Carboplatin Carcinoid syndrome Cardiac glycosides Carmustine Carnitine overuse Carteolol Carvedilol Castor oil Cefaclor Cefadroxil Cefamandole nafate Cefazolin Cefdinir Cefepime Cefixime Cefoperazone Cefotaxime Cefotetan Cefoxitin Cefpodoxime Ceftaroline fosamil Ceftazidime Ceftizoxime Ceftriaxone Cefuroxime Celiac disease Cephalexin Cephalosporins Cephradine Cerivastatin

Cestoda Cetuximab Cevimeline Chenodeoxycholic acid Childbirth Chlamydia Chloral hydrate Chlorambucil Chlordane Chlordiazepoxide Chlorodyne Chloroquine Chlorothiazide Chlorpheniramine Chlorpropamide Chlorthalidone Cholecystitis Cholestatic jaundice Cholesteryl ester storage disease Cholestyramine Chronic fatigue syndrome Chronic granulomatous disease Chronic myeloproliferative disorders Chronic pancreatitis Chronic renal failure Chylomicron retention disease Ciclosporin Cidofovir Ciguatera poisoning Cilostazol Cinacalcet Cinchonism Ciprofloxacin Cisapride Citalopram Cladribine Clamoxyquine Clarithromycin Clavulanic acid Clindamycin Clofarabine Clofibrate Clomipramine Clonazepam Clopidogrel Clorazepate Clostridium difficile Clostridium perfringens Clostridium sordellii Clostridium welchii Coccidia Colchicine Colestyramine Colistimethate Colitis Collagenous colitis Colonic inertia Colonic malakoplakia Colonic villous adenomata Colonoscopy Colorectal cancer Colorectal polyps Common migraine Common variable immunodeficiency Complement 5 deficiency Congenital adrenal hyperplasia Congenital chloride diarrhea Congenital disorder of glycosylation type 1B Congenital intrinsic factor deficiency Congenital short bowel syndrome Congenital toxoplasmosis Cornelia de Lange syndrome 2 Crohn's disease Cronkhite-Canada disease Cryptosporidiosis Cyclophosphamide Cyclosporiasis Cyproheptadine Cystic fibrosis Cysticercosis Cytarabine Cytomegalovirus Dactinomycin Dalfopristin Dantrolene Daptomycin Darbepoetin alfa Darifenacin Darunavir Dasatinib Datura stramonium poisoning Daunorubicin Deferasirox Delavirdine Demeclocycline Deracoxib Desoxyn Dextroamphetamine Dextromethorphan Diabetes insipidus Diabetic neuropathy Diacerein Diazepam Diazinon Dibasic aminoaciduria 2 Diclofenac Dicloxacillin Didanosine Dientamoeba fragilis Diffuse systemic sclerosis Diflunisal Digitoxin Digoxin Diltiazem Diphyllobothrium infection Dipylidium caninum infection Dipyridamole Dirithromycin Dissociative disorder Distigmine Diverticulitis Docetaxel Dofetilide Dolasetron Donepezil Doripenem Doxorubicin Doxycycline Dracunculiasis DTPA Duloxetine Dumping syndrome Ebola Echinococcosis Echovirus Eculizumab Efavirenz Eflornithine Ehrlichiosis Emtricitabine Enalapril End stage liver failure Endometriosis Endosulfan Enoxacin Entacapone Entamoeba histolytica Enteritis Enterobacter Enterocele Enterocolitis Enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (EIEC) Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) Epirubicin hydrochloride Eplerenone Epoetin alfa Ergotamine Ergotism Erlotinib Erythromycin Escherichia coli O157:H7 Esomeprazole Estazolam Estradiol Ethacrynic acid Ethanol Ethosuximide Etidronate Etodolac Etoposide Everolimus Excess coffee, tea Exemestane Exenatide Ezetimibe Fabry's disease Famciclovir Familial amyloid polyneuropathy Famotidine Fasciolopsiasis Favism Fecal impaction Felbamate

Fexofenadine Filariasis Flavivirus Floxuridine Fluconazole Flucytosine Fludarabine Fluke infections Fluoride Fluorouracil Fluoxetine Flurazepam Flurbiprofen Flutamide Fluticasone Fluvastatin Fluvoxamine Folate deficiency Food allergies Food intolerances Food poisoning Fosamprenavir Foscarnet Fosinopril Frovatriptan Fructose malabsorption Fulvestrant Fusarium venenatum Gabapentin Galactosemia Galantamine Ganciclovir Gardner's syndrome Gastric cancer Gastric dumping syndrome Gastrinoma Gastritis Gastro-enteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumor Gastrocolic fistula Gastroenteritis Gastrointestinal amyloidosis Gatifloxacin Gefitinib Gemcitabine Gemeprost Gemfibrozil Gentamicin Giardia lamblia Gilbert's syndrome Glatiramer Glipizide Glucagonoma Glucosamine Glucose-galactose malabsorption Glutathione synthetase deficiency Gluten sensitivity Glycopyrrolate Graft versus host disease Granisetron Graves' disease Griseofulvin Guanethidine Guanfacine Habba syndrome Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome Hartnup disease Heavy metal ingestion Helminthiasis Hemolytic uremic syndrome Hepatitis A Hepatitis B Hepatitis C Hepatitis D Hepatitis E Hepatitis X Herbal extract overdose Hereditary angioedema Heroin dependence Heroin withdrawal HNPCC Honey intoxication Hookworm infection Hydralazine Hydrochlorothiazide Hydroxychloroquine Hydroxyurea Hymenolepis infection Hyoscyamine Hyper IgM syndrome Hyperchloremia Hyperlipoproteinemia type I Hyperthyroidism Hypoaldosteronism Ibandronate Ibuprofen Idarubicin Idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome Ileitis Imatinib Imipenem Inborn amino acid metabolism disorder Indomethacin Inflammatory bowel disease Infliximab Influenza virus Insulin lispro Insect bite allergy Interferon alpha Interferon Beta-1b Intestinal lymphangiectasis Intestinal pseudoobstruction Intususception IPEX (syndrome) Irinotecan hydrochloride Iron supplements Irritable bowel syndrome Ischemic colitis Isocarboxazid Isomalt toxicity Isosporiasis Isradipine Itraconazole Ivacaftor Juvenile polyposis syndrome Kanamycin Kaposi's sarcoma Katayama fever Kawasaki disease Ketoconazole Ketorolac Klebsiella Kwashiorkor Laburnum Lactose intolerance Lamivudine Lamotrigine Lanreotide Lansoprazole Lanthanum Lapatinib ditosylate Lassa fever Laxative abuse Lead poisoning Leflunomide Legionella pneumophila Legionnaires' disease Leptospirosis Letrozole Leuprolide Levalbuterol Levetiracetam Levocarnitine Levodopa Levofloxacin Levothyroxine Lincomycin Linezolid Liothyronine sodium Lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia Lisinopril Listeriosis Lithium Lomefloxacin Lopinavir Loracarbef Loratadine Lorazepam Loxapine Lycorine Lymphangiectasis Lymphocytic colitis Lymphogranuloma venereum Macrolides Magnesium hydroxide Magnesium salts Malabsorption syndrome Malaria Malassimilation Malonic aciduria Malonyl-CoA decarboxylase deficiency Mannitol Marburg virus Marine toxins Mastocytosis Mazindol Measles Mebendazole

Mechlorethamine Meckel diverticulitis Meclofenamate Medullary carcinoma of thyroid Mefenamic acid Mefloquine Megaloblastic anemia Megesterol Melarsoprol Meloxicam Ménétrier's disease Meprobamate Mercaptopurine Mercury poisoning Meropenem Mesalazine Mesna Mesoridazine Metabolic disorders Metagonimiasis Metal fume fever Metformin Methenamine Methotrexate Methoxychlor Methsuximide Methyclothiazide Methyldopa Methylergonovine Methyprylon Metoclopramide Metolachlor Metolazone Metoprolol Metronidazole Miconazole Microvillous inclusion disease Mifepristone Miglitol Milk allergy Mineral oil Minocycline Misoprostol Mitotane Mixed connective tissue disease Moclobemide Modafinil Moexipril Monoclonal mast cell activation syndrome Moricizine Morphine withdrawal Moxifloxacin Mucopolysaccharidosis Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 Muscarine Mushroom poisoning Mycobacterium avium complex Mycophenolate Myleofibrosis Nabumetone Nafcillin Nalidixic acid Naltrexone Naphthalene Narcissus pseudonarcissus Natalizumab Natamycin Nateglinide Necrotizing fasciitis Neisseria gonorrhea Nelfinavir Neomycin Neostigmine Netilmicin Neuroblastoma Neuroendocrine tumors Neurofibromatosis Neutropenia Nevirapine Niclosamide Nizatidine Nontropical sprue Norfloxacin Norwalk gastroenteritis Nystatin Octreotide Ofloxacin Oleander poisoning Olsalazine Omalizumab Omenn syndrome Omeprazole Ondansetron Opioid withdrawal Opisthorchis infection Organophosphates Orlistat Oseltamivir Osmotic laxative Otitis media in children Quinolones Ovarian cancer Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome Oxaliplatin Oxazepam Oxcarbazepine Oxtriphylline Oxybutynin Oxyphenisatine Palivizumab Pancreatic adenoma Pancrelipase Pantoprazole Paragonimus infection Paraquat Parasympathomimetics Parathion Paroxetine Pearson syndrome Pegaspargase Peginterferon alfa-2a Peginterferon alfa-2b Pellagra Pelvic abscess Pemetrexed Pemoline Penbutolol Penicillin allergy Penicillium marneffei Panitumumab Pentamidine Pentostatin Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy Pergolide Perindopril Periodic hyperlysinemia Peritoneal mesothelioma Pernicious anemia Perphenazine Persin Pesticide poisoning Phentermine Phenoxymethylpenicillin Phentolamine Phycomycosis Phytohaemagglutinin poisoning Phytolacca americana toxicity Pilocarpine Pimecrolimus Pimozide Pirfenidone Piroxicam Plicamycin Poliovirus Polyposis Polythiazide Porphyria Portal vein thrombosis Posaconazole Potassium citrate Postileal resection Postsympathectomy Postvagotomy Pramipexole Pramlintide Prazepam Praziquantel Prazosin Procainamide Procarbazine Proctitis Promethazine Propafenone Propranolol Prostaglandins Protein losing enteropathy Protriptyline Pseudoephedrine Pseudomembranous colitis Psittacosis Pyridostigmine Q fever Quinapril Quinidine Quinupristin Rabeprazole Radiation proctitis Radiation sickness Raltitrexed Ramipril Ranitidine

Rasagiline Rectal cancer Rectal surgery Refsum disease Reiter’s syndrome Repaglinide Reserpine Retapamulin Rhabditida Ribavirin Ricinoleic acid Ricinus communis poisoning Rifabutin Rifampin Rilmenidine Riluzole Risedronate Risperidone Ritonavir Rituximab Rivastigmine Rizatriptan Roflumilast Rotavirus Roundworm Salmonellosis Salsalate Sanfilippo syndrome Saquinavir Sarcocystis Sargramostim Satoyoshi syndrome Schistosomiasis Scombroid food poisoning Secernentea Selegiline Selenium toxicity Serotonin syndrome Sevelamer Severe combined immunodeficiency Shigellosis Short bowel syndrome Shwachman-Diamond syndrome Sildenafil Simethicone Simvastatin Sirolimus Sitagliptin Slone's disease Small bowel bacterial overgrowth syndrome Small bowel lymphoma Sodium oxybate Sodium picosulfate Sodium polystyrene sulfonate Sofosbuvir Solanine poisoning Solifenacin Somatostatinoma Sorafenib Sorbitol Sotalol Sparfloxacin Sphingolipidosis Spironolactone Stachybotrys chartarum Staphylococcal food poisoning Staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome Stavudine Streptobacillus Streptococcal infections Streptococcus suis Streptozocin Strongyloides Subacute thyroiditis Sucrase-isomaltase deficiency Sucrose intolerance Sulfadiazine Sulfasalazine Sulfisoxazole Sulindac Sulphonamides Sumatriptan Sunitinib Superior mesenteric artery syndrome Tacrine Tacrolimus Tamsulosin Tapeworms TASB (psychedelics) Tegafur Tegaserod Telbivudine Telithromycin Telmisartan Temozolomide Teniposide Tenofovir Terbinafine Teriparatide Tetracyclines Tetrodotoxin Thallium Theophylline Thiabendazole Thioguanine Thioridazine Thiothixene Thymus cancer Thyroid carcinoma Thyroxine Ticlopidine Tigecycline Tiludronate Tipranavir Tocopherol Tolcapone Topiramate Topotecan Toxocara Toxoplasmosis Trametinib dimethyl sulfoxide Tranexamic acid Tranylcypromine Trastuzumab Traveler's diarrhea Trazodone Tropical sprue Trematoda Treprostinil Tretinoin Triamterene Triazolam Trichinella spiralis Trichinosis Trichuriasis Trifluoperazine Trihexyphenidyl Trimeprazine Trimethadione Trimethobenzamide Trimetrexate glucuronate Trimipramine Trovafloxacin Tuberculosis Tularemia Turcot syndrome Typhoid fever Ulcerative colitis Urofollitropin Ursodeoxycholic acid Vaccination Valacyclovir Valganciclovir Valinemia Valproic acid Valsartan Vasculitis Vasculitis hypersensitivity Verapamil Verner-Morrison syndrome Very long-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency Vibrio cholerae Vibrio mimicus Vibrio parahemolyticus Vibrio vulnificus Vilazodone Villous adenoma Vinblastine Vinorelbine tartrate Vipoma Visceral leishmaniasis Vitamin C toxicity Von Gierke disease Voriconazole Vorinostat Waterhouse-Friederichsen syndrome Weil syndrome West Nile fever Whipple's disease Whipworm Infection Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome X-linked agammaglobulinaemia Yersinia enterocolitica Zanamivir Zidovudine Zinc deficiency Ziprasidone Zoledronic acid Zollinger-Ellison syndrome Zolmitriptan Zolpidem