Diarrhea causes

Diarrhea Microchapters
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Overview
Patient Information
Classification Acute Diarrhea Chronic diarrhea
Differential Diagnosis

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [2]; M.Umer Tariq [3]; Mugilan Poongkunran M.B.B.S [4]

Overview

The principal cause of diarrhea stems from ingestion of unsafe drinking water (typically from admixture of raw sewage to water supplies); the occurrence is predominantly in lesser developed countries. The common causes of acute diarrhea are infection, allergy, food intolerance, foodborne illness and/or extreme excesses of vitamin C and/or magnesium and may be accompanied by abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting. Infectious diarrhea is most commonly caused by viral infections or bacterial toxins. Diarrhea can also be a principal symptom of more serious diseases, such as dysentery, Montezuma's Revenge, cholera, or botulism, and can also be indicative of a chronic syndrome such as Crohn's disease. Temporary diarrhea can also result from the ingestion of laxative medications or large quantities of certain foods like prunes with laxative properties. Though appendicitis patients do not generally have diarrhea, it is a common symptom of a ruptured appendix. It is also an effect of severe radiation sickness.

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.

Acute appendicitis Acute kidney failure Acute pancreatitis Anaphylaxis Angioedema Carbon monoxide poisoning Digoxin toxicity Ergotism

Food poisoning Heavy metal poisoning Herbal extract overdose Infectious diarrhea Inflammatory bowel disease Insect bite allergy Intususception

Ischemic colitis Organophosphate poisoning Pesticide poisoning Pseudomembranous colitis Severe combined immunodeficiency Staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome Waterhouse-Friederichsen syndrome

Common Causes

ACE inhibitors Alcohol intoxication Alcohol withdrawal Amebiasis Anti retroviral agents Antifungals Bacillary dysentery Bacterial toxin Bile acid sequestrant Campylobacter jejuni Cephalosporins Chemotherapeutic agents

Cholestatic jaundice Citalopram Colitis Colorectal polyps Diabetic neuropathy Diverticulitis Doxycycline Entamoeba histolytica Escherichia coli Food poisoning Fosfomycin Helminthiasis Hepatitis A Hepatitis E

Inflammatory bowel disease Lactose intolerance Macrolides Malabsorption syndrome Opioid withdrawal Proton pump inhibitors Pseudomembranous colitis Radiation sickness Salmonellosis Statins Thiazide diuretics Triptans

Causes According to Pathophysiology

Osmotic Diarrhea

Abetalipoproteinaemia Alagille syndrome Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor Aminoglycosides Ampicillin Antacids Apolipoprotein B deficiency Ascariasis Auranofin Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome Bacitracin Biguanides Billroth II procedure Blind loop syndrome Carcinoid syndrome Celiac disease Cholesteryl ester storage disease Cholestyramine Chronic granulomatous disease Chylomicron retention disease Colchicine Colestyramine

Common variable immunodeficiency Cronkhite-Canada disease Diabetic neuropathy Diffuse systemic sclerosis Dumping syndrome Eflornithine Fasciolopsiasis Fructose malabsorption Gastrointestinal amyloidosis Gastrointestinal lymphomas Giardiasis Glucose-galactose malabsorption HIV Kanamycin Kwashiorkor Lactose intolerance Magnesium salts Malabsorption syndrome Malassimilation Mannitol Mastocytosis Ménétrier's disease

Methyldopa Microsporidiosis Milk allergy Mixed connective tissue disease Neomycin Octreotide Orlistat Osmotic laxative Pearson syndrome Protein losing enteropathy Short bowel syndrome Shwachman-Diamond syndrome Small bowel bacterial overgrowth syndrome Somatostatinoma Sorbitol Strongyloidiasis Sucrase-isomaltase deficiency Sucrose intolerance Tetracyclines Tropical sprue Whipple disease

Secretory Diarrhea

Addison's disease Anaphylaxis Angioedema Anthraquinone Antidepressants Antineoplastic agents Auranofin Bacterial toxin Biguanides Bisacodyl Brainerd diarrhea Calcitonin Carcinoid syndrome Cardiac glycosides Cephalosporins Chenodeoxycholic acid Cholera Cholestatic jaundice Colchicine

Collagenous colitis Colorectal cancer Congenital chloride diarrhea Diabetic neuropathy Diacerein Diverticulitis Gastrinoma Graves disease Heavy metal poisoning Herbal extract poisoning Hyperthyroidism Hypoaldosteronism Inflammatory bowel disease Intestinal lymphoma IPEX (syndrome) Irritable bowel syndrome Lymphocytic colitis Macrolides Mastocytosis

Medullary carcinoma of thyroid Microvillous inclusion disease Mushroom poisoning NSAIDS Olsalazine Oxyphenisatin Penicillins Pesticide poisoning Phenolphthalein Postsympathectomy Postvagotomy Prostaglandins Ricinoleic acid Somatostatinoma Ticlopidine Vasculitis Villous adenoma VIPoma Zollinger-Ellison syndrome

Motility Related Diarrhea

Cephalosporins Cisapride Colchicine Diabetic neuropathy Erythromycin Hyperthyroidism

Levothyroxine Macrolides Penicillins Postileal resection Postvagotomy

Quinolones Short bowel syndrome Sulphonamides Tetracyclines Ticlopidine

Causes According to Duration

Acute Diarrhea

Addison's disease Appendicitis Bacterial: Aeromonas Campylobacter jejuni Chlamydia Clostridium difficile E.coli Enterobacter Klebsiella Neisseria gonorrhea Plesiomonas Salmonella Shigella Staphylococcus aureus Vibrio cholerae Yersinia enterocolitica Carcinoid syndrome C-cell carcinoma Chronic inflammatory bowel disease Colitis

Drugs: Abuse of laxatives Alcohol Antibiotics Biguanides Cefpodoxime Chemotherapeutics Chemotherapy Cholestyramin Digitalis Diuretics Ergotamine Hydralazine Hydrochlorothiazide Mercaptopurine Opiate withdrawal Parasympathomimetics Physostigmine Quinidine Rabeprazole Reserpine Warfarin Food: Bacillus cereus Clostridium perfringens Staphylococcus aureus

Food allergy Graft versus host reaction Heavy metal intoxication HIV Hyperthyroidism Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) Lactose intolerance Neuroendocrine tumors Parasites: Cryptosporidium Entamoeba histolytica Giardia intestinalis Viral: Adenovirus Coxsackie virus Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Echovirus Influenza virus Norwalk virus Poliovirus Rotavirus

Chronic Diarrhea

Achylia Addison's Disease Amebiasis Amyloidosis Anxiety Autonomous neuropathy Bacterial gastroenteritis Bacterial toxin Behcet syndrome Bile acid malabsorption Biliary fistula Carcinoid syndrome Carcinoma of the pancreas Celiac Sprue Chronic inflammatory bowel disease Collagenous colitis Colon cancer Colorectal polyps Cryptosporidiosis Diabetic enteropathy Diverticular disease

Drugs: Antacids Anthraquinone Castor oil Elvitegravir Lactulose Levofloxacin Mannitol Sorbitol Dumping syndrome Excess coffee, tea Fecal impaction Gastrocolic fistula Giardia Hyperthyroidism HIV Idiopathic lymphangiectasis Irritable bowel syndrome Lymphocytic colitis Lymphomas Malabsorption Maldigestion Medullary thyroid carcinoma

Neuroendocrine tumors Nontropical sprue Obstructive jaundice Parasites: Ascariasis Hookworm Whipworm Pellagra Polyarteritis Postileal resection Postvagotomy Prostaglandins Radiation proctitis Rectal surgery Scleroderma Short bowel syndrome Tuberculosis Verner-Morrison syndrome Villous adenoma Villous carcinoma Whipple's disease

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular	Portal vein thrombosis, superior mesenteric artery syndrome
Chemical / poisoning	Acrodynia, Amlodipine besylate and Atorvastatin calcium trihydrate, acute zinc toxicity, arsenic poisoning, Azacitidine , Cabozantinib carbamate insecticide poisoning, carbon monoxide poisoning, chlordane toxicity, chloroform toxicity, copper toxicity, diazinon poisoning, glutaraldehyde toxicity, heavy metal poisoning, lead poisoning, mercury poisoning, metal fume fever, naphthalene poisoning, organophosphate poisoning, paraquat toxicity, selenium toxicity, thallium toxicity
Dermatologic	Acrodermatitis enteropathica, necrotizing fasciitis
Drug Side Effect	Ambenonium, 2C-B, 5-HT3 antagonist, 5-methoxy-diisopropyl tryptamine, abacavir, Acamprosate calcium, acarbose, acebutolol, Acetylcysteine, acyclovir, acitretin, aconitine, adefovir, afatinib, alatrofloxacin, albendazole, aldesleukin, Alemtuzumab, alendronate, aliskiren, allopurinol, alosetron, alpha-amanitin, alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, alprazolam, altretamine, ambenonium chloride, amifostine, amiloride, aminocaproic acid, aminophylline, amlexanox, amlodipine, Amlodipine besylate and Atorvastatin calcium trihydrate, ammonium lauryl sulfate, amoxicillin, amphetamine, amphotericin B, amprenavir, amitriptyline, anadenanthera peregrina, anagrelide, anakinra, anastrozole, Anidulafungin, anisindione, Apremilast, aprepitant, atazanavir, atenolol, atorvastatin, atovaquone, Atropine, auranofin, azithromycin, aztreonam, bacitracin, baclofen, barium nitrate, barium sulfate, Basiliximab, Benzphetamine, benazepril, bentiromide, bepridil, betaxolol, Bethanechol chloride, bevacizumab, bezafibrate, bicalutamide, biguanide, bisacodyl, bisoprolol, bortezomib, Bosutinib, bromocriptine, brompheniramine, bumetanide, buspirone, busulfan, candesartan, capecitabine, carbamazepine, carbidopa, carboplatin, carvedilol, cefaclor, cefadroxil, cefamandole nafate, cefazolin, cefazolin, cefdinir, Cefditoren, cefepime, Cefixime, cefoperazone, cefotaxime, cefotetan disodium, cefoxitin, cefpodoxime, Cefprozil, Ceftaroline fosamil, ceftazidime, Ceftibuten, ceftizoxime, ceftriaxone, cefuroxime, cephalexin, cephradine, Ceritinib, cerivastatin, cetuximab, cevimeline, Chenodiol, chloral hydrate, chlorambucil, chlordiazepoxide, chlorodyne, chlorothiazide, chlorpheniramine, Chlorpropamide, chlorthalidone, cholestyramine, ciclosporin, cidofovir, cilostazol,, cinacalcet, cisapride, citalopram, cladribine, clamoxyquine, clarithromycin, clavulanic acid, clindamycin, clofarabine, clofibrate, clomipramine, clonazepam, clopidogrel, clorazepate, Conjugated estrogens/bazedoxifene, colchicine, colistimethate, conjugated estrogens, Crizotinib, cyclophosphamide, cyproheptadine, cytarabine, dactinomycin, dalfopristin, dantrolene, daptomycin, darbepoetin alfa, darifenacin, darunavir, dasatinib, daunorubicin, deferasirox, delavirdine, demeclocycline, Denileukin diftitox deracoxib, desoxyn, Dexchlorpheniramine, dextroamphetamine, dextromethorphan, diacerein, diazepam, diclofenac, dicloxacillin, didanosine, diflunisal, digitoxin, digoxin, diltiazem, dipyridamole, dirithromycin, disopyramide, docetaxel, dofetilide, dolasetron, donepezil, doripenem, doxorubicin, doxycycline, DTPA, duloxetine, Ecallantide, eculizumab, efavirenz, Elvitegravir, emtricitabine, Emtricitabine, Rilpivirine Hydrochloride, And Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate enalapril, endosulfan, enoxacin, entacapone, Epirubicin hydrochloride, eplerenone, epoetin alfa, ergotamine, erlotinib, Eliglustat, erythromycin, esomeprazole, estazolam, estradiol, ethacrynic acid, ethosuximide, etidronate, etodolac, etoposide, exemestane, exenatide, ezetimibe, famciclovir, famotidine, felbamate, fexofenadine, floxuridine, foscarnet sodium, fluconazole, flucytosine, fludarabine, fluoride, fluorouracil, fluoxetine, flurazepam, Flurbiprofen, flutamide, fluticasone, fluvastatin, fluvoxamine, fosamprenavir, foscarnet, fosinopril, frovatriptan, fulvestrant, gabapentin, galantamine, ganciclovir, gatifloxacin, gefitinib, gemcitabine, gemeprost, gemfibrozil, glatiramer, Glipizide, Glyburide and Metformin, glycopyrrolate, granisetron, griseofulvin, guanethidine, guanfacine, hydralazine, hydrochlorothiazide, hydroxychloroquine, hydroxyurea, hyoscyamine, ibandronate, Ibritumomab Tiuxetan ibuprofen, idarubicin, Idelalisib, Idursulfase, imatinib, Imiglucerase infliximab, interferon alfacon-1 , Interferon alfa-2b , interferon beta-1b, irinotecan hydrochloride, iron supplements, isocarboxazid, isradipine, itraconazole, Ivacaftor, Ivermectin, Ixabepilone, ketoconazole, Ketorolac tromethamine, Lactulose, lamivudine, lamotrigine, lanreotide, lansoprazole, lanthanum,Lapatinib, leflunomide, lenalidomide, letrozole, leuprolide, levalbuterol, levetiracetam, Lenvatinib, levocarnitine, levodopa, levofloxacin, Linaclotide, Lincomycin Hydrochloride, linezolid, liothyronine sodium, lisinopril, lithium, lomefloxacin, lopinavir, loracarbef, loratadine, lorazepam, loxapine, magnesium hydroxide, mebendazole, mechlorethamine, meclofenamate, Mercaptopurine, mefenamic acid, mefloquine, megestrol, Meloxicam, meprobamate, mercaptopurine, meropenem, mesalazine, mesna, mesoridazine, Metirosine, metformin, methamphetamine, methenamine, methotrexate, methoxychlor, methsuximide, methyclothiazide, methylergonovine, methyprylon, metoclopramide, metolachlor, metolazone, metoprolol, metronidazole, Micafungin sodium, miconazole, mifepristone, miglitol, Miglustat, miltefosine minocycline, misoprostol, mitotane, mitoxantrone, moclobemide, modafinil, moexipril, moricizine, moxifloxacin, mycophenolate, nabumetone, nafcillin, naltrexone, naphthalene, naproxen and esomeprazole magnesium, natalizumab, natamycin, nateglinide, nelfinavir, nevirapine, Niacin/simvastatin, niclosamide, Nilotinib, Nintedanib, nizatidine, norfloxacin, nystatin, ofloxacin, Olsalazine, omalizumab, omeprazole, ondansetron, oseltamivir, oxaliplatin, oxazepam, oxcarbazepine, oxtriphylline, oxybutynin, Palbociclib, palivizumab, pancrelipase, Panitumumab, pantoprazole, Paromomycin sulfate, Paroxetine, Pasireotide, pegaspargase, peginterferon alfa-2a, peginterferon alfa-2b, pemetrexed, pemoline, penbutolol, penicillin, pentamidine, pentostatin, pergolide, perindopril, perphenazine, Pertuzumab, phenazopyridine, Phenoxymethylpenicillin, phentermine, pilocarpine, pimecrolimus, pimozide, Pirfenidone, piroxicam, Plerixafor, Potassium iodide, plicamycin, polythiazide, posaconazole, Potassium chloride, Potassium citrate, pramipexole, pramlintide, prazepam, praziquantel, prazosin, procainamide, procarbazine, promethazine, propafenone, propranolol, permethrin, protriptyline, pseudoephedrine, Pyrantel pamoate, pyridostigmine, quinapril, quinidine, quinupristin, rabeprazole, Radium chloride, ramipril, Ramucirumab, ranitidine, rasagiline, Rasburicase, repaglinide, reserpine, retapamulin, ribavirin, rifabutin, rifampin, rilmenidine, riluzole, risedronate, risperidone, ritonavir, rituximab, rivastigmine, rizatriptan, Riluzole, roflumilast, salsalate, saquinavir mesylate, Saxagliptin hydrochloride and Metformin hydrochloride sargramostim, Secukinumab, selegiline, sevelamer, sildenafil, Siltuximab, simethicone, simvastatin, sirolimus, sitagliptin, sodium oxybate, sodium picosulfate, sodium polystyrene sulfonate, solanine, solifenacin, sorafenib, sotalol, sparfloxacin, spironolactone, stavudine, streptozocin, sulfadiazine, sulfasalazine, sulfisoxazole, sulfisoxazole, sulindac, sumatriptan, sunitinib, tacrine, Tacrolimus, tamsulosin, tegaserod, telbivudine, telithromycin, telmisartan, temozolomide, teniposide, tenofovir, terbinafine, teriparatide, theophylline, thiabendazole, thioguanine, thioridazine, thiothixene, thyroxine, ticlopidine, Tigecycline, tiludronate, tipranavir, tocopherol, tolcapone, Tolmetin, topiramate, topotecan, Trametinib dimethyl sulfoxide, trandolapril, tranylcypromine, trastuzumab, trazodone, treprostinil, Tretinoin, triamterene, triazolam, trifluoperazine, trihexyphenidyl, trimeprazine, trimethadione, trimethobenzamide, trimetrexate glucuronate, trimipramine, triprolidine, trovafloxacin, valacyclovir, valganciclovir, valproic acid, valsartan, verapamil, Vandetanib, Vilazodone, vinblastine, voriconazole, vorinostat, zanamivir, Zafirlukast, zidovudine, ziprasidone, zoledronic acid, zolmitriptan, Zoledronate
Ear Nose Throat	Otitis media in children
Endocrine	Addison's disease, carcinoid syndrome, diabetes insipidus, diabetic neuropathy, glucagonoma, Graves disease, hyperthyroidism, hypoaldosteronism, neuroendocrine tumors, somatostatinoma, subacute thyroiditis
Environmental	Abrus precatorious, agastache rugosa, alchornea castaneifolia, amanita phalloides poisoning, amnesic shellfish poisoning, azalea poisoning, bee stings, datura stramonium poisoning, endosulfan toxication, food poisoning, herbal extract overdose, honey intoxication, insect bite allergy, isomalt toxicity, lycorine, marine toxins, mushroom poisoning, narcissus pseudonarcissus, oleander poisoning, pesticide poisoning, phytohaemagglutinin poisoning, phytolacca americana toxicity, ricinus communis poisoning, snakebites, solanine poisoning
Gastroenterologic	Abdominal abscess, abdominal cancer, achlorhydria, acute appendicitis, acute gastritis, bile acid sequestrant, biliary atresia, biliary tract cancer, blind loop syndrome, caecitis, carcinoid syndrome, celiac disease, cholestatic jaundice, colitis, colonic inertia, colonic malakoplakia, colonic villous adenomata, colorectal cancer, colorectal polyps, Crohn's disease, diverticulitis, enteritis, enterocele, enterocolitis, food poisoning, fructose malabsorption, gastric dumping syndrome, gastrinoma, gastritis, gastro-enteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumor, gastroenteritis, gastrointestinal amyloidosis, glucose-galactose malabsorption, gluten sensitivity, Habba syndrome ileitis, inflammatory bowel disease, intestinal lymphangiectasis, intestinal pseudoobstruction, intususception, irritable bowel syndrome, ischemic colitis, lactose intolerance, listeriosis, malabsorption syndrome, malassimilation, Meckel diverticulitis, polyposis, proctitis, protein losing enteropathy, tropical sprue, ulcerative colitis, Whipple's disease, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
Genetic	3-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency, 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase deficiency, abetalipoproteinaemia, Arakawa's syndrome II, aromatic amino acid decarboxylase deficiency, aspartylglycosaminuria, Baber's syndrome, Brown-symmers disease, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, congenital disorder of glycosylation type 1B, congenital intrinsic factor deficiency, congenital short bowel syndrome, congenital toxoplasmosis, Cornelia de Lange syndrome 2, Cronkhite-Canada disease, dibasic aminoaciduria 2, Fabry's disease, familial amyloid polyneuropathy, galactosemia, Gardner's syndrome, Gilbert's syndrome, glutathione synthetase deficiency, Hartnup disease, hereditary angioedema, HNPCC, hyper IgM syndrome, hyperlipoproteinemia type I, inborn amino acid metabolism disorder, juvenile polyposis syndrome, lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia, malonic aciduria, malonyl-CoA decarboxylase deficiency, mucopolysaccharidosis, neuroblastoma, neurofibromatosis, Sanfilippo syndrome, Slone's disease, sphingolipidosis, sucrase-isomaltase deficiency, Turcot syndrome, very long-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency, Von Gierke disease, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, X-linked agammaglobulinaemia
Hematologic	Amyloidosis, C1 esterase inhibitor, chronic myeloproliferative disorders, hyper IgM syndrome, idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome, megaloblastic anemia, myleofibrosis, neutropenia, porphyria Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, X-linked agammaglobulinaemia
Iatrogenic	Adjustable gastric band, colonoscopy, dumping syndrome, graft versus host disease, percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy, postileal resection, postvagotomy, radiation proctitis, rectal surgery, radiation sickness, short bowel syndrome, vaccination
Infectious Disease	Adenophorea, adenoviridae, aeromonas hydrophila, AIDS, amebiasis, ancylostoma duodenale, anguillulosis, anthrax, ascariasis, astrovirus, bacillary dysentery, bacillus cereus, bacterial toxin, balantidiasis, beef tapeworm, blastocystis hominis, borrelia anserina, botulism, campylobacter jejuni, candida, capillaria, cestoda, ciguatera poisoning, clostridium difficile, clostridium perfringens, clostridium sordellii, clostridium welchii, coccidia, cryptosporidiosis, cyclosporiasis, cysticercosis, cytomegalovirus, dientamoeba fragilis, diphyllobothrium infection, dipylidium caninum infection, Ebola, echinococcosis, ehrlichiosis, entamoeba histolytica, escherichia coli, fasciolopsiasis, filariasis, flavivirus, fusarium venenatum, giardia lamblia, hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, helminthiasis, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, hepatitis D, hepatitis E, hepatitis X, hookworm infection, isosporiasis, katayama fever, lassa fever, legionella pneumophila, legionnaires' disease, leptospirosis, lymphogranuloma venereum, malaria, marburg virus, measles, metagonimiasis, mycobacterium avium complex, norwalk gastroenteritis, opisthorchis infection, paragonimus infection, pelvic abscess, pseudomembranous colitis, psittacosis, Q fever, rhabditida, rotavirus, roundworm, salmonellosis, sarcocystis, schistosomiasis, secernentea, shigellosis, small bowel bacterial overgrowth syndrome, staphylococcal food poisoning, staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome, streptobacillus, streptococcal infections, strongyloides, tapeworms, trematoda, trichinella spiralis, trichinosis, trichuriasis, tularemia, typhoid fever, vancomycin, vibrio cholerae, vibrio mimicus, vibrio parahemolyticus, vibrio vulnificus, visceral leishmaniasis, Whipple disease, whipworm infection, yersinia enterocolitica
Musculoskeletal / Ortho	No underlying causes
Neurologic	Common migraine, neuroblastoma, Waterhouse-Friederichsen syndrome
Nutritional / Metabolic	Folate deficiency, food allergies, food intolerances, iron supplements, kwashiorkor, lactose intolerance, milk allergy, pellagra, pernicious anemia, protein losing enteropathy, sucrose intolerance, vitamin C toxicity, zinc deficiency
Obstetric/Gynecologic	Childbirth, endometriosis, neonatal sepsis, ovarian cancer, ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome
Oncologic	Adrenal tumor, carcinoid syndrome, colorectal cancer, Ewing's sarcoma, Gardner's syndrome, gastric cancer, HNPCC, juvenile polyposis syndrome, Kaposi's sarcoma, multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1, neuroendocrine tumors, pancreatic adenoma, peritoneal mesothelioma, neuroendocrine tumors, ovarian cancer, small bowel lymphoma, somatostatinoma, thymus cancer, Vipoma,
Opthalmologic	No underlying causes
Overdose / Toxicity	Carbon monoxide toxicity, carnitine overuse, colchicine toxicity, digoxin toxicity, ergotism, heavy metal ingestion, mazindol
Psychiatric	Anxiety-tension syndrome, chronic fatigue syndrome, dissociative disorder, panic attack
Pulmonary	Anthrax, cystic fibrosis, diffuse systemic sclerosis, legionellosis
Renal / Electrolyte	Acute kidney failure, chronic renal failure, hyperchloremia
Rheum / Immune / Allergy	Acquired angioedema, Amyloidosis, anaphylaxis, autoimmune adrenalitis, autoimmune enteropathy, autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome, autonomic neuropathy, C1 esterase inhibitor, chronic granulomatous disease, complement 5 deficiency, hereditary angioedema, hyper IgM syndrome, Kawasaki disease, Omenn syndrome, Reiter’s syndrome, Satoyoshi syndrome, severe combined immunodeficiency, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, X-linked agammaglobulinaemia
Trauma	No underlying causes
Urologic	Proctitis, Reiter’s syndrome
Miscellaneous	Alcohol intoxication, alcohol withdrawal, anopsology

Causes in Alphabetical Order

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