Clostridium difficile infection medical therapy

Clostridium difficile Microchapters
Home
Patient Information
Overview
Historical Perspective
Pathophysiology
Causes
Differentiating Clostridium difficile from other Diseases
Epidemiology and Demographics
Risk Factors
Natural History, Complications and Prognosis
Diagnosis
History and Symptoms
Physical Examination
Laboratory Findings
Abdominal X Ray
CT
Other Imaging Findings
Other Diagnostic Studies
Treatment
Medical Therapy
Surgery
Prevention
Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy
Future or Investigational Therapies
Case Studies
Case #1
Clostridium difficile infection medical therapy On the Web
Most recent articles
Most cited articles
Review articles
CME Programs
Powerpoint slides
Images
American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Clostridium difficile infection medical therapy All Images X-rays Echo & Ultrasound CT Images MRI
Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov
US National Guidelines Clearinghouse
NICE Guidance
FDA on Clostridium difficile infection medical therapy
CDC on Clostridium difficile infection medical therapy
Clostridium difficile infection medical therapy in the news
Blogs on Clostridium difficile infection medical therapy
Directions to Hospitals Treating Clostridium difficile
Risk calculators and risk factors for Clostridium difficile infection medical therapy

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Guillermo Rodriguez Nava, M.D. [2]

Overview

Many persons will also be asymptomatic and colonized with Clostridium difficile. Treatment in asymptomatic patients is controversial, also leading into the debate of clinical surveillance and how it intersects with public health policy.

It is possible that mild cases do not need treatment.

Patients should be treated as soon as possible when the diagnosis of Clostridium difficile colitis (CDC) is made to avoid frank sepsis or bowel perforation.

Indications for Treatment

Symptomatic vs. Asymptomatic Individuals

• Treatment is recommended only for average-risk, symptomatic patients (usually diarrhea) with positive lab findings (either ELISA or PCR) of C. difficile infection

• In contrast, treatment is not recommended for average-risk, asymptomatic individuals OR patients with diarrhea and negative lab findings (either ELISA or PCR).

Average Risk vs. High Risk Patients

• The negative predictive values of the diagnostic lab tests (either ELISA or PCR) are sufficiently high > 95% for patients among patients with average risk of developing C. difficile infection. Accordingly, empiric therapy is not recommended if diagnostic lab tests yield negative findings among average-risk patients.

• In contrast the negative predictive values of the diagnostic lab tests (either ELISA or PCR) are NOT sufficiently high for patients at high risk of C. difficile infection. Accordingly, empiric therapy is recommended for high risk patients with high pre-test probability even when lab findings yield negative results. Common risk factors for the development of C. difficile infection are history of antibiotic administration within the past 12 weeks, advanced age > 65 years, immunodeficiency, exposure to healthcare facilities, or inflammatory bowel disease.
  
  For more detailed list of C. difficile risk factors, click here

Principles of Antimicrobial Therapy for Clostridium difficile infection

According to the 2013 practice guidelines for the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of C. difficile infections, the choice of antimicrobial therapy is based on the severity of the clinical disease. Shown below is a table that defines the severity of C. difficile infection based on clinical features and lab findings:

Severity	Criteria
Mild	Diarrhea as the only symptom
Moderate	Raised white cell count but <15,000 cells/mL and serum creatine <1.5 times baseline
Severe	Leucocytosis >15,000 cells/mL OR serum creatinene level >1.5 times baseline or abdominal tenderness and serum albumin < 3 g/dL
Severe complicated	Hypotension or shock, ileus, megacolon, leucocytosis >20,000 cells/mL OR leucopenia <2,000, lactate >2.2 mmol/L, delirium, fever ≥ 38.5 °C, organ failure

• Duration: recommendations establish a 10-14 days treatment. Complete only 10 days of treatment if there is clinical improvement in 5-7 days.

Do's

• Suspend other antibiotic therapies during administration of antibiotics to treat C. difficile infection.
• Administer vancomycin for mild-to-moderate patients who are intolerant/allergic to metronidazole and for pregnant/breastfeeding women..
• Administer supportive care to patients with severe or severe complicated CDI .
• Perform diagnostic imaging modalities, such as abdominal CT scans, for patients with worsening diarrhea and/or abdominal pain to rule out C. difficile-associated complications.
• Request surgical consultation and perform routine pre-surgical work-up for patients suspected to have complicated C. difficile infection
• Consider fecal microbiota transplant if there is a third recurrence after a pulsed vancomycin regimen..

Don'ts

• Do not administer metronidazole for a second recurrence episode of CDI or for long-term therapy because of the risk of neurotoxicity.

• Do not administer anti-peristaltic agents to treat diarrhea in patients with CDI.

Indications for surgery: hypotension requiring vasopressor therapy; sepsis and organ failure; mental status changes; leukocytosis >50,500 cell/µl, lactate >5 mmol/l; or complicated infection without response of the medical therapy after 5 days.

Medical Therapy

▸ Click on the following categories to expand treatment regimens.

Initial episode   ▸  Mild to moderate   ▸  Severe   ▸  Severe complicated Recurrence   ▸  First recurrence   ▸  Second recurrence

Mild to moderate Recommended treatment ▸ Metronidazole 500 mg orally q8h If no improvement in 5-7 days ▸ Vancomycin 125 mg orally q6h Severe Recommended treatment ▸ Vancomycin 125 mg orally q6h Severe complicated Recommended treatment† ▸ Vancomycin 500 mg orally q6h PLUS ▸ Metronidazole 500 mg IV q8h † If ileus present, add Vancomycin 500 mg in 100 mL normal saline per rectum q6h as retention enema. First recurrence Recommended treatment ▸ Same as first episode but stratified by severity Second recurrence Recommended treatment ▸ Vancomycin in tapered and pulsed doses 125 mg 4 times daily for 14 days 125 mg 2 times daily for 7 days 125 mg once daily for 7 days 125 mg once every 2 days for 8 days (4 doses) 125 mg once every 3 days for 15 days (5 doses)

Fecal Bacteriotherapy

Fecal bacteriotherapy, a procedure related to probiotic research, has been suggested as a potential cure for the disease. It involves infusion of bacterial flora acquired from the feces of a healthy donor in an attempt to reverse bacterial imbalance responsible for the recurring nature of the infection. It has a success rate of nearly 95% according to some sources.