Citrobacter
| Citrobacter | ||||||||||||
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| Citrobacter freundii Citrobacter freundii
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| Scientific classification | ||||||||||||
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| Species | ||||||||||||
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C. amalonaticus |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
Citrobacter is a genus of Gram-negative coliform bacteria in the Enterobacteriaceae family. They are rarely the source of illnesses, except for infections of the urinary tract and infant meningitis and sepsis.[1][2]
Organism
- Citrobacter is a genus of gram-negative Coliform bacteria in the Enterobacteriaceae family.
- The species C. amalonaticus, C. koseri, and C. freundii use solely citrate as a carbon source. These bacteria can be found almost everywhere in soil, water, wastewater, etc. It can also be found in the human intestine. They are rarely the source of illnesses, except for infections of the urinary tract and infant meningitis.
- Citrobacter shows the ability to accumulate uranium by building phosphate complexes.[3]
Antimicrobial regimen
- Citrobacter freundii[4]
- Preferred regimen (1): Meropenem 1-2 g IV q8h
- Preferred regimen (2): Imipenem 1 g IV q6h
- Preferred regimen (3): Doripenem 500 mg IV q8h
- Preferred regimen (4): Cefepime 1-2 g IV q8h
- Preferred regimen (5): Ciprofloxacin 400 mg IV q12h or 500 mg PO bid for UTI
- Preferred regimen (6): Gentamicin 5 mg/kg IV q24h
- Alternative regimen (1): Piperacillin-tazobactam 3.375 mg IV q6h
- Alternative regimen (2): Aztreonam 1-2 g IV q6h
- Alternative regimen (3): TMP-SMX 5 mg/kg q6h IV or DS PO bid for UTI
- Note: Usually Carbenicillin sensitive, Cephalothin resistant
- Citrobacter koseri[5]
- Preferred regimen (1): Ceftriaxone 1-2 g IV q12-24h
- Preferred regimen (2): Cefotaxime 1-2 g IV q6h
- Preferred regimen (3): Cefepime 1-2 IV q8h
- Alternative regimen (1): Ciprofloxacin 400 mg IV q12h or 500 mg PO q12h for UTI
- Alternative regimen (2): Imipenem 1 g IV q6h
- Alternative regimen (3): Doripenem 500 mg IV q8h
- Alternative regimen (4): Meropenem 1-2 g IV q8h
- Alternative regimen (5): Aztreonam 1-2 g IV q6h
- Alternative regimen (6): TMP-SMX 5 mg/kg IV q6h or DS PO bid for UTI
- Note: Usually Ampicillin resistant, but may be sensitive to first generation cephalosporins.
Gallery
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![Triple sugar iron agar (TSI) tested for Salmonella (H2S+) and (H2S-); Citrobacter sp. and S. arizonae. From Public Health Image Library (PHIL). [6]](/images/d/dc/Enterobacteria55.jpeg)
Triple sugar iron agar (TSI) tested for Salmonella (H2S+) and (H2S-); Citrobacter sp. and S. arizonae. From Public Health Image Library (PHIL). [6]
![Triple sugar iron agar (TSI) tested for Salmonella (H2S+) and (H2S-); Citrobacter sp. and S. arizonae. From Public Health Image Library (PHIL). [6]](/index.php/File:Enterobacteria55.jpeg)
References
- ↑ V. Drelichman; J. D. Band (1985). "Bacteremias due to Citrobacter diversus and Citrobacter freundii. Incidence, risk factors, and clinical outcome". Archives of Internal Medicine. 145 (10): 1808–1810. doi:10.1001/archinte.145.10.1808. PMID 3899035.
- ↑ Badger, J.D.; M.F. Stins; K.S. Kim (1999). "Citrobacter freundii Invades and Replicates in Human Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells". Infection and Immunity. 67 (8): 4208–15. PMC 96726. PMID 10417193.
- ↑ L. E. Macaskie, R. M. Empson, A. K. Cheetham, C. P. Grey, A. J. Skarnulis (1992). "Uranium bioaccumulation by a Citrobacter sp. as a result of enzymically mediated growth of polycrystalline HUO2PO4". Science. 257: 782–784. doi:10.1126/science.1496397.
- ↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
- ↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
- ↑ "Public Health Image Library (PHIL)".