Cervical cancer historical perspective
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [6]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Monalisa Dmello, M.B,B.S., M.D. [7]
Overview
Historical Perspective
- 400 BC - Hippocrates noted that cervical cancer was incurable
- 1841- Rigoni found that cervical cancer was rare in nuns, except for those who had been sexually active before entering the convent.
- Epidemiologists working in the early 20th century noted that cervical cancer behaved like a sexually transmitted disease.
- Cervical cancer was noted to be common in female sex workers.
- It was more common in the second wives of men whose first wives had died from cervical cancer.
- It was rare in Jewish women.[1]
- 1925 - Hinselmann invented the colposcope
- 1928 - Papanicolaou developed the Papanicolaou technique
- 1935 - Syverton and Berry discovered a relationship between RPV (Rabbit Papillomavirus) and skin cancer in rabbits. (HPV is species-specific and therefore cannot be transmitted to rabbits)
- 1941 - Papanicolaou and Trout: Pap smear screening began
- 1946 - Aylesbury spatula was developed to scrape the cervix, collecting the sample for the Pap smear
- 1940s- 1950s- The historical observations suggested that cervical cancer could be caused by a sexually transmitted agent. Initial research in the 1940s and 1950s attributed cervical cancer to smegma[2]
- 1949 - A description of human papillomavirus (HPV) by electron microscopy
- 1951 - First successful in-vitro cell line, HeLa, derived from biopsy of cervical cancer of Henrietta Lacks
- 1963- HPV-DNA was identified
- 1980s - HPV was identified in cervical cancer tissue.[3]
- 1976 - Harald zur Hausen and Gisam found HPV DNA in cervical cancer and genital warts; Hausen later won the Nobel Prize for his work[4]
- 1960-1970- During the 1960s and 1970s it was suspected that infection with herpes simplex virus was the cause of the disease. In summary, HSV was seen as a likely cause because it is known to survive in the female reproductive tract, to be transmitted sexually in a way compatible with known risk factors, such as promiscuity and low socioeconomic status.[5] Herpes viruses were also implicated in other malignant diseases, including Burkitt's lymphoma, Nasopharyngeal carcinoma, Marek's disease and the Lucké renal adenocarcinoma. HSV was recovered from cervical tumour cells.It has since been demonstrated that HPV is implicated in virtually all cervical cancers.[6] Specific viral subtypes implicated are HPV 16, 18, 31, 45 and others.
- 1980- In work that was initiated in the mid 1980s, the HPV vaccine was developed, in parallel, by researchers at Georgetown University Medical Center, the University of Rochester, the University of Queensland in Australia, and the U.S. National Cancer Institute.[7]
- 1988 - Bethesda System for reporting Pap results was developed
- 1995 - In the United States, physicians who fail to diagnose cervical cancer from a pap smear have been convicted of negligent homicide. In 1988 and 1989, Karen Smith had received pap smears which were argued to have "unequivocally" shown that she had cancer; yet the lab had not made the diagnosis. She died on March 8 1995. Later, a physician and a laboratory technician were convicted of negligent homicide. These events have led to even more rigorous quality assurance programs, and to emphasizing that this is a screening, not a diagnostic, test, associated with a small irreducible error rate.
- 2006 - First HPV vaccine FDA was approved,under the trade name Gardasil.
- 2007 - In the Canadian provinces of Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland and Nova Scotia, free vaccinations to protect women against HPV are slated to begin in September 2007 and will be offered to girls 11-14 in age. Similar vaccination programs are also being planned in British Columbia and Quebec.[8][9][10]Australia has decided to fund the HPV vaccine under the National Immunisation Program commencing in the 2007 school year.[11] In the U.K. a similar free vaccination program is being considered,[12] while in the United States, many states are preparing bills to handle issuing the HPV vaccine.
References
- ↑ Menczer J (2003). "The low incidence of cervical cancer in Jewish women: has the puzzle finally been solved?" (PDF). Isr. Med. Assoc. J. 5 (2): 120–3. PMID 12674663.
- ↑ Heins HC, Dennis EJ, Pratthomas HR (1958). "The possible role of smegma in carcinoma of the cervix". American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology. 76 (4): 726–33. PMID 13583012.
- ↑ Dürst M, Gissmann L, Ikenberg H, zur Hausen H (1983). "A papillomavirus DNA from a cervical carcinoma and its prevalence in cancer biopsy samples from different geographic regions". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 80 (12): 3812–5. doi:10.1073/pnas.80.12.3812. PMC 394142. PMID 6304740..
- ↑ zur Hausen, Harald (2002). "Papillomaviruses and cancer: from basic studies to clinical application". Nature Reviews Cancer. 2 (5): 342–350. doi:10.1038/nrc798. ISSN 1474-1768.
- ↑ Alexander ER (1973). "Possible Etiologies of Cancer of the Cervix Other Than Herpesvirus". Cancer Research. 33 (6): 1485–90. PMID 4352386.
- ↑ Lowy DR, Schiller JT (2006). "Prophylactic human papillomavirus vaccines". J. Clin. Invest. 116 (5): 1167–73. doi:10.1172/JCI28607. PMC 1451224. PMID 16670757.
- ↑ McNeil C (April 2006). "Who invented the VLP cervical cancer vaccines?". J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 98 (7): 433. doi:10.1093/jnci/djj144. PMID 16595773. PMID 16595773
- ↑ [1] Ontario Government Website
- ↑ [2] Government of Nova Scotia News Release June 20, 2007
- ↑ [3] Kaiser Daily Women's Health Policy Aug 09, 2007
- ↑ [4]
- ↑ [5]