Hypopharyngeal cancer risk factors
Hypopharyngeal cancer Microchapters |
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Faizan Sheraz, M.D. [2]
Overview
Risk Factors
- Smoking tobacco
- Chewing tobacco
- Heavy alcohol use
- Diet without essential nutrients (B12)
- Plummer-Vinson syndrome