Mumps laboratory findings

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Lakshmi Gopalakrishnan, M.B.B.S. [2]

Overview

Laboratory findings for the mumps virus can be useful, and may include virus isolation from swabs of affected salivary ducts, antigen detection by PCR, and serologic testing for IgM antibody or a significant rise in IgG antibody. However, there are many important caveats to be aware of when interpreting the results.

Laboratory Findings

Initial Lab Tests

Complete blood count with differential:

• Total WBC count may be normal to elevated
• Relative lymphocytosis may be observed

Serum studies:

• Elevated serum amylase secondary to the involvment of parotid gland and suspected pancreatitis associated with mumps

• Elevated serum lipase secondary to pancreatitis

• Elevated C-reactive protein may be seen secondary to orchitis

Serology

• Significant rise in IgG or IgM antibodies may be helpful to confirm the diagnosis.

• However, laboratory confirmation of mumps in previously vaccinated or previously infected individuals is challenging, and failure to detect mumps IgM in previously vaccinated persons has been well documented including the cross reactivity of mumps and parainfluenza viruses.

Persons with a history of mumps vaccination may not have detectable mumps IgM antibody regardless of timing of specimen collection.CDC

• The ability to detect IgM varies by vaccination status and is:

• highest in unvaccinated persons (80%–100%),

• intermediate in one-dose vaccine recipients (60%–80%),

• lowest in two-dose vaccine recipients (13%–14%)

Adapted from CDC [3]

Mumps Exposure History	IgM	IgG	Comments
Unvaccinated; No history of mumps	+	+ or -	IgM may be detected for weeks to months; low levels of IgG may be present at symptom onset
1-dose vaccine history	+ or -	Likely +	50% of serum samples collected 1–10 days after symptom onset were IgM positive; 50%–80% of serum samples collected more than 10 days after symptom onset were IgM positive.
2-dose vaccine history	+ or -	Likely +	13%–15% of serum samples collected 1–3 days after symptom onset were IgM-positive (30%–35% of buccal samples collected 1–3 days after symptom onset were positive by real-time RT-PCR among persons with 2 doses of MMR)

Virus Isolation

• Infected patients remain contagious approximately 6 days before the onset of parotitis until about 9 days after the onset of parotitis, during which time the virus can be isolated.
• Virus can be isolated in a cell culture inoculated with the virus obtained from swabs of affected salivary ducts, serum or urine.
• Antigen detection by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is an efficient and rapid method to determine mumps as a diagosis.

References

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