Typhoid fever overview
|
Typhoid fever Microchapters |
|
Diagnosis |
|---|
|
Treatment |
|
Case Studies |
|
Typhoid fever overview On the Web |
|
American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Typhoid fever overview |
|
Risk calculators and risk factors for Typhoid fever overview |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
Typhoid fever, also known as enteric fever and Salmonella typhi infection,[1] is an illness caused by the bacterium Salmonella enterica serovar typhi. Common worldwide, it is transmitted by the fecal-oral route — the ingestion of food or water contaminated with feces from an infected person.[2] The bacteria then multiply in the blood stream of the infected person and are absorbed into the digestive tract and eliminated with the waste.
Historical perspective
Around 430–426 B.C., a devastating plague, which some believe to have been typhoid fever, killed one third of the population of Athens, including their leader Pericles. A 2006 study detected DNA sequences similar to those of the bacterium responsible for typhoid fever.[3] Other scientists have disputed the findings, citing serious methodologic flaws in the dental pulp-derived DNA study.[4]The most notorious carrier of typhoid fever—but by no means the most destructive—was Mary Mallon, also known as Typhoid Mary. In 1907, she became the first American carrier to be identified and traced. She was a cook in New York; some believe she was the source of infection for several hundred people. She is closely associated with forty-seven cases and three deaths.In 1897, Almroth Edward Wright developed an effective vaccine. Antibiotics were introduced in clinical practice in 1942, greatly reducing mortality.
Classification
There is no established classification system for typhoid fever. However, typhoid fever may be classified based on duration of illness, serologic type causing disease, severity of illness and virulence factors.[5]
Pathophysiology
Causes
Typhoid fever is caused by Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi (Salmonella Typhi)[6][7][8][9][10][11]. Salmonella Typhi is a gram negative bacillus, belongs to Enterobacteriaceae family, is flagellated, facultatively anaerobic and contain three important antigens O,H and Vi.[12]
Differentiating typhoid fever from other diseases
Typhoid fever must be differentiated from other diseases that cause fever, diarrhea, and dehydration, such as Ebola, Shigellosis, Malaria, Lassa fever, Brucellosis,Viral hepatitis, leptospirosis, rheumatic fever, typhus, appendicitis, dengue fever,toxoplasmosis, rickettsial diseases, leishmaniasis, tuberculosis and mononucleosis, Abdominal abcess, Yellow fever[13][14][5][15][16]
Epidemiology and Demographics
Risk factors
Screening
Natural history and complications
Diagnosis
History and Symptoms
Physical Examination
Laboratory Findings
X Ray
CT
MRI
Ultrasound
Other Imaging Findings
Other Diagnostic Studies
References
- ↑ Kotton C. Typhoid fever. MedlinePlus. URL: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001332.htm. Accessed on: May 4, 2007.
- ↑ Giannella RA (1996). "Salmonella". Baron's Medical Microbiology (Baron S et al, eds.) (4th ed. ed.). Univ of Texas Medical Branch. ISBN 0-9631172-1-1.
- ↑ Papagrigorakis MJ, Yapijakis C, Synodinos PN, Baziotopoulou-Valavani E (2006). "DNA examination of ancient dental pulp incriminates typhoid fever as a probable cause of the Plague of Athens". Int J Infect Dis. 10 (3): 206–14. PMID 16412683}.
- ↑ Shapiro B, Rambaut A, Gilbert M (2006). "No proof that typhoid caused the Plague of Athens (a reply to Papagrigorakis et al.)". Int J Infect Dis. 10 (4): 334–5, author reply 335–6. PMID 16730469.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Parry CM, Hien TT, Dougan G, White NJ, Farrar JJ (2002). "Typhoid fever". N Engl J Med. 347 (22): 1770–82. doi:10.1056/NEJMra020201. PMID 12456854.
- ↑ Arndt MB, Mosites EM, Tian M, Forouzanfar MH, Mokhdad AH, Meller M; et al. (2014). "Estimating the burden of paratyphoid a in Asia and Africa". PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 8 (6): e2925. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0002925. PMC 4046978. PMID 24901439.
- ↑ Maskey AP, Day JN, Phung QT, Thwaites GE, Campbell JI, Zimmerman M; et al. (2006). "Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi A and S. enterica serovar Typhi cause indistinguishable clinical syndromes in Kathmandu, Nepal". Clin Infect Dis. 42 (9): 1247–53. doi:10.1086/503033. PMID 16586383.
- ↑ Oboegbulam SI, Oguike JU, Gugnani HC (1995). "Microbiological studies on cases diagnosed as typhoid/enteric fever in south-east Nigeria". J Commun Dis. 27 (2): 97–100. PMID 7499779.
- ↑ Vollaard AM, Ali S, Widjaja S, Asten HA, Visser LG, Surjadi C; et al. (2005). "Identification of typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever cases at presentation in outpatient clinics in Jakarta, Indonesia". Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 99 (6): 440–50. doi:10.1016/j.trstmh.2004.09.012. PMID 15837356.
- ↑ Wain J, Hendriksen RS, Mikoleit ML, Keddy KH, Ochiai RL (2015). "Typhoid fever". Lancet. 385 (9973): 1136–45. PMID [//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25458731
doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(13)62708-7 25458731
doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(13)62708-7] Check
|pmid=value (help). line feed character in|pmid=at position 9 (help) - ↑ http://www.cdc.gov/typhoid-fever/health-professional.html
- ↑ Fàbrega, Anna, and Jordi Vila. "Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium skills to succeed in the host: virulence and regulation." Clinical microbiology reviews 26.2 (2013): 308-341.
- ↑ "CDC Typhoid Fever". Center for Disease Control. 2005-10-25. Retrieved 2007-10-02.
- ↑ "Reorganized text". JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 141 (5): 428. 2015. doi:10.1001/jamaoto.2015.0540. PMID 25996397.
- ↑ MacFadden DR, Bogoch II, Andrews JR (2016). "Advances in diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of invasive Salmonella infections". Curr Opin Infect Dis. 29 (5): 453–458. doi:10.1097/QCO.0000000000000302. PMID 27479027.
- ↑ Lynch MF, Blanton EM, Bulens S, Polyak C, Vojdani J, Stevenson J; et al. (2009). "Typhoid fever in the United States, 1999-2006". JAMA. 302 (8): 859–65. doi:10.1001/jama.2009.1229. PMID 19706859.