Systemic lupus erythematosus risk factors
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Raviteja Guddeti, M.B.B.S. [2]
Overview
The most potent risk factor in the development of systemic lupus erythematosus is sex.[1] Other risk factors include HLA genetic mutations, being African Americans, Asians, and non-Causcasian, and previous exposure to some special infections.
Risk Factors
The underlying cause of this autoimmune disease is not clear. Clinical data shows that the onset of systemic lupus erythematosus is associated with the following factors:
- Female: SLE affects women nine times more than men[2][3]
- Age younger than 50
- Race: African Americans, Asians, and non-Causcasian race are affected more often than people from other races[4]
- Drugs:
- chlorpromazine
- hydralazine
- isoniazid
- methyldopa
- penicillamine
- procainamide
- quinidine
- sulfasalazine
- These drugs are the most high risk drugs in developing drug-induced lupus erythematosus
- Familial history of:
- Infections can stimulates some antigen specific cells and lead to SLE disease:
- Epstein-Barr virus (EBV): may induce anti-DNA antibodies or even lupus-like symptoms. It is associated with higher risk of SLE and also triggering the active course of disease in children[5]
- Trypanosomiasis or mycobacterial infections may have the same effect as EBV
- Ultraviolet (UV) light
- Cigarette smoking [6]
- Crystalline silica exposure in work environment (e.g. cleaning powders, soil, pottery materials, cement etc.) [7]
- Drug allergy [8]
- Caring a pet (especially pet dog)
Protection
Moderate alcohol drinking might be protective for SLE. [9]
References
- ↑ Grimaldi CM (2006). "Sex and systemic lupus erythematosus: the role of the sex hormones estrogen and prolactin on the regulation of autoreactive B cells". Curr Opin Rheumatol. 18 (5): 456–61. doi:10.1097/01.bor.0000240354.37927.dd. PMID 16896282.
- ↑ "NIH Fact Sheets - Lupus".
- ↑ Grimaldi CM (2006). "Sex and systemic lupus erythematosus: the role of the sex hormones estrogen and prolactin on the regulation of autoreactive B cells". Curr Opin Rheumatol. 18 (5): 456–61. doi:10.1097/01.bor.0000240354.37927.dd. PMID 16896282.
- ↑ McCarty DJ, Manzi S, Medsger TA, Ramsey-Goldman R, LaPorte RE, Kwoh CK (1995). "Incidence of systemic lupus erythematosus. Race and gender differences". Arthritis Rheum. 38 (9): 1260–70. PMID 7575721.
- ↑ Lossius A, Johansen JN, Torkildsen Ø, Vartdal F, Holmøy T (2012). "Epstein-Barr virus in systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis—association and causation". Viruses. 4 (12): 3701–30. PMC 3528287. PMID 23342374.
- ↑ Ghaussy NO, Sibbitt WL, Qualls CR (2001). "Cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and the risk of systemic lupus erythematosus: a case-control study". J. Rheumatol. 28 (11): 2449–53. PMID 11708417.
- ↑ Parks CG, Cooper GS, Nylander-French LA, Sanderson WT, Dement JM, Cohen PL, Dooley MA, Treadwell EL, St Clair EW, Gilkeson GS, Hoppin JA, Savitz DA (2002). "Occupational exposure to crystalline silica and risk of systemic lupus erythematosus: a population-based, case-control study in the southeastern United States". Arthritis Rheum. 46 (7): 1840–50. doi:10.1002/art.10368. PMID 12124868.
- ↑ Cooper GS, Dooley MA, Treadwell EL, St Clair EW, Gilkeson GS (2002). "Risk factors for development of systemic lupus erythematosus: allergies, infections, and family history". J Clin Epidemiol. 55 (10): 982–9. PMID 12464374.
- ↑ Wang J, Pan HF, Ye DQ, Su H, Li XP (2008). "Moderate alcohol drinking might be protective for systemic lupus erythematosus: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Clin. Rheumatol. 27 (12): 1557–63. doi:10.1007/s10067-008-1004-z. PMID 18795396.