Goiter overview
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Goiter overview On the Web |
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
Historical Perspective
Classification
In 1974, an international committee of thyroid pathologists published the first WHO histological classification of thyroid tumours which had served as a basis for various clinical, pathological, and epidemiological studies.Goiter may also be classified according to various classification methods based on etiological, epidemiological, anatomical, pathological, functional and morphological factors.
Pathophysiology
When the TRH-TSH thyroid hormone axis is interfered, it results in the structural and functional changes of the thyroid gland. Increased TSH production is trigerred by a deficiency in thyroid hormone synthesis or intake. In order to normalize thyroid hormone levels, the increase in TSH leads to increased cellularity and hyperplasia of the thyroid gland and when this process is continuous, it leads to goiter.
Causes
Various factors have been associated with the cause of goiter such as hereditary, hormonal, dietary, pharmacological, physiological, environmental and pathological factors. The most common causes bering, iodine deficiency, grave's disease and hashimoto's disease. Goiter may be caused by a mutation in the genes such as the thyroglobulin (Tg) gene, thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) gene and the Na+/I- symporter (NIS) gene.