Multiple sclerosis natural history, complications and prognosis
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Overview
Natural History
Complications
Prognosis
there are some factors associated with a particularly poor prognosis among patients with multiple sclerosis but We can’t surly say what is the prognosis of MS patients.[1]
Relapsing versus progressive disease
Progressive form of MS seems to have worse prognosis in comparison to relapsing remitting form of MS. Disabilities start sooner in progressive form[2][3][4] but some studies showed that age of onset is more important in MS disability than the form of the disease.[5][6]
Early symptoms
Some first manifestations of MS disease like bowel and bladder dysfunction, seems to have a worse prognosis.[7]. Another study demonstrated that having so many symptoms at the onset of the disease have a worse prognosis than being monosymptom.[8]
Demographics
Onset of MS in Black Americans is in later age and they are more susceptible of having multifocal signs and symptoms and involvement of optic nerve and spinal cord.[9]
Sex
Women seems to have younger age of onset and so better prognosis than men.[2]
Smoking
Transition of RRMS to SPMS can be accelerated with smoking.[10]
References
- ↑ Swanton J, Fernando K, Miller D (2014). "Early prognosis of multiple sclerosis". Handb Clin Neurol. 122: 371–91. doi:10.1016/B978-0-444-52001-2.00015-7. PMID 24507526.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Weinshenker BG (1994). "Natural history of multiple sclerosis". Ann. Neurol. 36 Suppl: S6–11. PMID 8017890.
- ↑ Confavreux C, Vukusic S, Moreau T, Adeleine P (November 2000). "Relapses and progression of disability in multiple sclerosis". N. Engl. J. Med. 343 (20): 1430–8. doi:10.1056/NEJM200011163432001. PMID 11078767.
- ↑ Tremlett H, Paty D, Devonshire V (January 2006). "Disability progression in multiple sclerosis is slower than previously reported". Neurology. 66 (2): 172–7. doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000194259.90286.fe. PMID 16434648.
- ↑ Confavreux C, Vukusic S (March 2006). "Age at disability milestones in multiple sclerosis". Brain. 129 (Pt 3): 595–605. doi:10.1093/brain/awh714. PMID 16415309.
- ↑ Confavreux C, Vukusic S (March 2006). "Natural history of multiple sclerosis: a unifying concept". Brain. 129 (Pt 3): 606–16. doi:10.1093/brain/awl007. PMID 16415308.
- ↑ Langer-Gould A, Popat RA, Huang SM, Cobb K, Fontoura P, Gould MK, Nelson LM (December 2006). "Clinical and demographic predictors of long-term disability in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a systematic review". Arch. Neurol. 63 (12): 1686–91. doi:10.1001/archneur.63.12.1686. PMID 17172607.
- ↑ Kremenchutzky M, Rice GP, Baskerville J, Wingerchuk DM, Ebers GC (March 2006). "The natural history of multiple sclerosis: a geographically based study 9: observations on the progressive phase of the disease". Brain. 129 (Pt 3): 584–94. doi:10.1093/brain/awh721. PMID 16401620.
- ↑ Cree BA, Khan O, Bourdette D, Goodin DS, Cohen JA, Marrie RA, Glidden D, Weinstock-Guttman B, Reich D, Patterson N, Haines JL, Pericak-Vance M, DeLoa C, Oksenberg JR, Hauser SL (December 2004). "Clinical characteristics of African Americans vs Caucasian Americans with multiple sclerosis". Neurology. 63 (11): 2039–45. PMID 15596747.
- ↑ Roudbari SA, Ansar MM, Yousefzad A (July 2013). "Smoking as a risk factor for development of Secondary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis: A study in IRAN, Guilan". J. Neurol. Sci. 330 (1–2): 52–5. doi:10.1016/j.jns.2013.04.003. PMID 23628463.