Osteoarthritis risk factors
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
Risk Factors
Osteoarthritis is a multifactorial disease and the interactions between systemic and local factors play important role in development and prognosis of OA.
Systemic risk factors for Osteoarthritis
Gender
Previous studies reported that the frequency of osteoarthritis in women and men are 68% and 58% respectively. And it has been reported that women have a greater levels of pain and disability
Age
Age plays an important roll in development of osteoarthritis. The correlation between age and the occurrence of OA is complex. Higher age through oxidative damage, thinning of cartilage, muscle weakening, reduces the basic cellular mechanisms that maintain tissue homeostasis which leads to an insufficient response to stress or joint injury, demolition of joint tissue destruction. Higher age leads to decreasing in the tensile property of cartilage in articular cartilage in accumulation of glycation consequently it can cause mechanical failure
Genetics
Its been showed that genetic factors play important roles in developing of osteoarthritis. genetic factors are responsible for osteoarthritis in nearly 70%of cases. For example, osteocalcin, as a marker of bone turnover, decreases in women after their menopause which consequently women after menopause are more susceptible to knee arthritis.
Diet
Using unrefined carbohydrates and Junk foods in daily diet increase the chance of chronic diseases. Meanwhile, chondrocytes as an important and powerful origin of reactive oxygen species (ROC). chondrocytes can damage cartilage collagen and synovial fluid hyaluronate. Meanwhile, micronutrients antioxidants, by providing defense against tissue injuries, are helpful to protect against osteoarthritis.
Local risk factors for Osteoarthritis
Physical activity
Doing heavy sports such as Karate, kung fu, and gymnastic could increase the risk of Knee injury.
Trauma and injury to Joint
Articular cartilage bears pressures from daily physical activities. Joints injuries and trauma the cartilage can influence their flexibility, eliminate cellular system and consequently decrease the subchondral loading capablity.
Obesity
Higher body mass index (BMI) shows to have a positive association with knee OA.
Occupation
Occupation facing with heavy loads and having stress activities have the strong association between knee injury and osteoarthritis.
- Aging
- Obesity
- Trauma or surgery of joint
- Diabetes
- Other types of arthritis, such as gout or rheumatoid arthritis
- Congenital abnormalities