Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis differential diagnosis

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Overview

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis must be differentiated from other causes of interstitial lung diseases which may cause fibrosis as well. Other diseases may include acute interstitial pneumonia, hypersensitivity pneumonia, occupational lung diseases, and pulmonary hemorrhage diseases.

Differentiating Interstitial Lung Disease from other Diseases

To review the complete differential diagnosis of dyspnea, click here.

To review the complete differential diagnosis of hemoptysis, click here.

To review the complete differential diagnosis of restrictive lung disease, click here.

Abbreviations: ABG: Arterial blood gas, BAL: Bronchoalveolar lavage, ESR: Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, CRP: C–reactive protein, FVC: Forced vital capacity, RV: Residual volume, FEV1: Forced expiratory volume during the 1st second, DLCO: Diffusing capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide, O2: Oxygen, TLC: Total lung capacity, PaO2: Arterial partial pressure of oxygen, FiO2: Fraction of inspired oxygen, LDH: Lactate dehydrogenase, CEA: Carcinoembryonic antigen, Anti-GBM antibody: Anti-glomerular basement membrane antibody, A−a gradient: Alveolar-arterial gradient, PAS: Periodic acid-Schiff stain, LAM: Lymphangiomyomatosis, IgE: Immunoglobulin E, ANCA: Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody, RBC: Red blood cell, ACE: Angiotensin-converting enzyme

Disease		Clinical manifestation															Investigations
		History							Symptoms				Physical examination				Lab findings	Imaging	Pulmonary function test		Bronchoscopy and BAL	Gold standard
		Duration	Age	Gender	Family history	Smoking history	Environmental exposure	HIV	Dyspnea	Cough	Wheezing	Chest pain	Tachypnea	Auscultation	Cyanosis	Clubbing	Lab findings	Imaging	Spirometry	ABG	Bronchoscopy and BAL	Gold standard
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis^[1]		Chronic	60−70 years old	Men	+	+	±	−	+	Dry	+	+	+	Inspiratory high−pitched rhonchi Bibasilar inspiratory crackles	−	+	Antinuclear antibody + Rheumatoid factor + Elevated ESR Elevated CRP Polycythemia	Bibasilar, peripheral reticular abnormalities Focal honeycomb cyst formation Traction bronchiectasis	↓ FVC ↑ RV Normal FEV1/FVC ↓ DLCO	↓ O2	Not required ↑ Neutrophils ↑ Eosinophils	Diagnosis of exclusion Lung biopsy
Idiopathic nonspecific interstitial pneumonia^[2]		Acute/Chronic	50−60 years old	Female	+	−	−	+	+	+	+	−	+	Bibasilar crackles	−	±	Normal	Bilateral ground−glass opacities Fine reticular infiltrates Traction bronchiectasis Consolidation	Normal to ↑ FEV1/FVC ↓ FVC ↓ TLC	↓ O2	Nonspecific	Lung biopsy and multidisciplinary approach
Cryptogenic organising pneumonia^[3]		Acute/subacute	50−60 years old	Both	−	±	−	−	+	Dry	−	−	−	Inspiratory crackles	−	−	Leukocytosis Elevated ESR Elevated CRP	Alveolar filling and air bronchograms Bilateral ground−glass opacities Bilateral consolidation	↓ FVC Normal FEV1/FVC ↓ DLCO	↓ O2	↑ Lymphocytes ↑ Neutrophils ↑ Eosinophils	Lung biopsy
Disease		History							Symptoms				Physical examination				Lab findings	Imaging	Pulmonary function test		Bronchoscopy and BAL	Gold standard
Disease		Duration	Age	Gender	Family history	Smoking history	Environmental exposure	HIV	Dyspnea	Cough	Wheezing	Chest pain	Tachypnea	Auscultation	Cyanosis	Clubbing	Lab findings	Imaging	Spirometry	ABG	Bronchoscopy and BAL	Gold standard
Acute interstitial pneumonia (Hamman−Rich syndrome)^[4]		Acute	50−60 years old	Both	−	−	−	−	+	+	−	−	+	Diffuse crackles	−	−	Leukocytosis	Bilateral and symmetric, diffuse ground glass Alveolar consolidation opacities Traction bronchiectasis Honeycomb fibrosis	N/A	↓ O2 PaO2/FiO2 <200 mmHg	Nonspecific ↑ Neutrophils ↑ Atypical epithelial cells	Lung biopsy
Lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia^[5]		Subacute	30−40 years old	Female	−	−	−	±	+	+	+	+	−	Diffuse crackles	−	+	Gammopathy	Diffuse ground glass attenuation with fibrosis Centrilobular and subpleural nodules Lung cysts	↓ FVC ↓ TLC ↓ DLCO	↓ O2	Nonspecific ↑ Total BAL cell count BAL lymphocytosis	Lung biopsy
Respiratory bronchiolitis−interstitial lung disease^[6]		Subacute	30−40 years old	Both	−	+	−	−	+	Dry	+	−	−	Inspiratory high−pitched rhonchi Fine, bibasilar end−inspiratory crackles	−	−	Nonspecific	Diffuse or patchy ground glass opacities in a mosaic pattern Fine nodules Air trapping	↓ FVC ↓ TLC ↓ DLCO	↓ O2	↑ Macrophages	Clinical evaluation and investigations
Desquamative interstitial pneumonia^[7]^[8]		Chronic	40−50 years old	Both	−	+	−	−	+	Dry	+	−	−	Fine, bibasilar end−inspiratory crackles	−	−	Nonspecific	Ground glass opacities without the peripheral reticular and reticulonodular opacities	↓ DLCO	↓ O2	↑ Eosinophils	Lung biopsy
Disease		History							Symptoms				Physical examination				Lab findings	Imaging	Pulmonary function test		Bronchoscopy and BAL	Gold standard
Disease		Duration	Age	Gender	Family history	Smoking history	Environmental exposure	HIV	Dyspnea	Cough	Wheezing	Chest pain	Tachypnea	Auscultation	Cyanosis	Clubbing	Lab findings	Imaging	Spirometry	ABG	Bronchoscopy and BAL	Gold standard
Pulmonary Langerhans cell granulomatosis^[9]		Chronic	20−40 years old	Both	+	+	−	−	±	Dry	+	+	−	Unremarkable	−	−	Nonspecific	Mid to upper lung zone cysts and nodules Reticular and nodular opacities Recurrent spontaneous pneumothorax	↓ FEV1/FVC	Normal	>5 percent langerhans cells (CD−1a positive)	Lung biopsy
Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis^[10]^[11]		Acute/chronic	40−50 years old	Male	+	+	+	−	+	+	+	−	−	Inspiratory crackles	+	+	↑ LDH ↑ CEA ↑ Surfactant protein A, B, and D Anti-GBM antibody + Polycythemia Hypergammaglobulinemia	Bbilateral perihilar and basilar alveolar opacities without air−bronchograms "Bat wing" distribution Intralobular thickening Diffuse ground−glass opacities	↑ FEV1/FVC ↑ A−a gradient ↓ DLCO	↓ PaO2 ↓ O2 Respiratory alkalosis	Large foamy macrophages with amorphous PAS−positive material ↑ Lymphocytes	Bronchoscopy and BAL
Pulmonary lymphangioleiomyomatosis^[12]		Acute/chronic	30−40 years old	Female	+	+	−	−	+	Bloody	+	+	−	Decreased breath sounds	−	+	↑ Vascular endothelial growth factor−D (VEGF−D)	Pneumothorax Chylothorax Thin−walled round cystic lesions	↓ FEV1/FVC	↓ PaO2 ↓ O2	LAM cells +	Lung biopsy
Eosinophilic pneumonia^[13]		Acute/chronic	20−40 years old	Male	−	−	−	−	+	Dry	+	+	+	Decreased breath sounds	−	−	Neutrophilic leukocytosis ↑ Eosinophils Elevated ESR Elevated CRP Elevated IgE level	Bilateral diffuse mixed ground glass and reticular opacities Small bilateral pleural effusions Centrilobular nodules and air−space consolidation	↑ FEV1/FVC ↓ DLCO	↓ PaO2 ↓ O2	Eosinophilia	Clinical evaluation and investigations
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis^[14]		Acute/subacute/chronic	40−60 years old	Both	−	±	+	−	+	Dry/productive	+	+	+	Diffuse fine bibasilar crackles	−	+	Neutrophilic leukocytosis	Centrilobular ground−glass or nodular opacities of mid−to−upper zone Air−trapping	↓ FEV1 ↓ FVC	↓ PaO2 ↓ O2	Lymphocytosis	Lung biopsy
Disease		History							Symptoms				Physical examination				Lab findings	Imaging	Pulmonary function test		Bronchoscopy and BAL	Gold standard
Disease		Duration	Age	Gender	Family history	Smoking history	Environmental exposure	HIV	Dyspnea	Cough	Wheezing	Chest pain	Tachypnea	Auscultation	Cyanosis	Clubbing	Lab findings	Imaging	Spirometry	ABG	Bronchoscopy and BAL	Gold standard
Occupational lung disease^[15]		Chronic	Elderly	Male	+	+	+	−	±	+	+	+	+	Fine crackles	Peripheral/central	+	Anemia Neutrophilia Elevated ESR Elevated CRP Elevated immunoglobulin	Pleural thickening and plaques Calcification Nodular or reticular opacities Lobar consolidation Atelectasis Parenchymal bands Enlarged hilar or mediastinal lymph nodes Granulomata	↑ FEV1/FVC	↓ O2 ↑ CO2 Respiratory acidosis	Mineral dust +	History of environmental exposure and imaging Lung biopsy not required
Radiation−induced lung injury^[16]		Subacute/chronic	Any age	Both	−	−	+	−	+	Dry	+	+	+	Crackles Pleural rub Dullness to percussion	+	−	Nonspecific	Perivascular haziness to patchy alveolar filling densities Straight line effect Pleural effusion	↓ TLC ↓ FVC ↓ FEV1 ↓ DLCO	↓ PaO2 ↓ O2	Lymphocytosis	History of irradiation and clinical presentation
Pulmonary hemorrhage syndromes	Goodpasture syndrome^[17]	Chronic	All ages	Male	+	±	−	−	±	Bloody	±	−	−	Bilateral coarse crepitations	−	−	Anti-GBM antibody + ANCA + Anemia RBC in the urine	Pulmonary infiltrates	↑ DLCO	Normal	NA	Kidney biopsy
	Idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis^[18]	Acute/subacute/chronic	Children − 10 years old	Both	+	±	−	−	+	Bloody	+	+	−	Crackles	−	−	Iron deficiency anemia ↑ Plasma bilirubin ↑ Urinary excretion of urobilinogen ↑ Reticulocytes Fecal occult blood +	Mid to lower zone alveolar opacities Multiple honeycomb cysts	↓ TLC ↓ FVC ↓ FEV1 ↑ FEV1/FVC ↑ DLCO	↓ O2 ↓ CO2	↑ Hemosiderin−laden macrophages	Clinical evaluation and investigations
	Isolated pulmonary capillaritis^[19]	Chronic	40−60 years old	Both	+	−	±	−	+	Bloody	+	+	+	Decreased breath sounds	−	−	Anemia Leukocytosis	Diffuse alveolar haemorrhage	↓ FEV1/FVC	↓ O2	Diffuse alveolar haemorrhage	Diagnosis of exclusion
Disease		History							Symptoms				Physical examination				Lab findings	Imaging	Pulmonary function test		Bronchoscopy and BAL	Gold standard
Disease		Duration	Age	Gender	Family history	Smoking history	Environmental exposure	HIV	Dyspnea	Cough	Wheezing	Chest pain	Tachypnea	Auscultation	Cyanosis	Clubbing	Lab findings	Imaging	Spirometry	ABG	Bronchoscopy and BAL	Gold standard
Sarcoidosis^[20]		Acute/subacute/chronic	20−40 years old	Female	+	±	−	−	±	+	+	±	−	Crackles Wheezing Decreased breath sounds	+	−	Hypercalciuria Hypercalcemia High ACE Hypergammaglobulinemia	Hilar adenopathy Reticular opacities Pneumothorax Pleural thickening Chylothorax Pulmonary hypertension	↓ TLC ↓ FVC ↓ FEV1 ↑ FEV1/FVC ↓ DLCO	↓ O2 ↓ CO2 Respiratory acidosis	Lymphocytosis Elevated adenosine deaminase D-dimer +	Clinical evaluation and investigations
Granulomatous vasculitides	Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener)^[21]	Chronic	Elderly	Both	+	−	−	−	+	+	+	±	−	Crackles	−	−	ANCA + Anemia Leukocytosis Thrombocytosis Elevated ESR Elevated CRP Elevated creatinine Urine protein + Hematuria	Cavitate nodules Ground−glass opacity Consolidation Pleural effusion Hilar adenopathy	↓ FEV1/FVC	↓ O2	Alveolar hemorrhage	Lung biopsy
Granulomatous vasculitides	Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Churg Strauss)^[22]	Chronic	40−50 years old	Both	+	−	−	−	−	+	+	−	−	Scattered wheezing	−	−	Eosinophilia Elevated IgE titers ANCA +	Areas of parenchymal opacification Mixed interstitial patchy alveolar opacities	↓ TLC ↑ RV	Normal	Eosinophilia	Lung biopsy
Bronchocentric granulomatosis^[23]		Chronic	30−70 years old	Both	−	−	−	−	±	±	+	±	−	Scattered wheezing	−	−	Eosinophilia Elevated IgE titers Elevated circulating IgE antibodies to Aspergillus species	Upper zone single or multiple pulmonary nodules Consolidation Atelectasis	↓ FEV1/FVC	Normal	Eosinophilia	Lung biopsy
Pulmonary lymphomatoid granulomatosis^[24]		Chronic	30−50 years old	Male	−	−	−	−	+	+	+	+	−	Normal	−	−	Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) serology +	Mid to lower zone multiple poorly defined nodules Diffuse reticular abnormalities	Normal	↓ O2 Chronic respiratory alkalosis	Normal	Lung biopsy
Amyloidosis^[25]^[26]		Subacute/chronic	50−70 years old	Male	+	−	−	−	−	Bloody	+	−	−	Crackles	−	−	Congophilia with apple−green birefringence under polarized light	Tracheobronchial infiltration Persistent pleural effusions Parenchymal nodules	↓ FEV1/FVC	↓ O2	Normal	Lung biopsy
Disease		History							Symptoms				Physical examination				Lab findings	Imaging	Pulmonary function test		Bronchoscopy and BAL	Gold standard
Disease		Duration	Age	Gender	Family history	Smoking history	Environmental exposure	HIV	Dyspnea	Cough	Wheezing	Chest pain	Tachypnea	Auscultation	Cyanosis	Clubbing	Lab findings	Imaging	Spirometry	ABG	Bronchoscopy and BAL	Gold standard

References

↑ Poletti, Venerino; Ravaglia, Claudia; Buccioli, Matteo; Tantalocco, Paola; Piciucchi, Sara; Dubini, Alessandra; Carloni, Angelo; Chilosi, Marco; Tomassetti, Sara (2013). "Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: Diagnosis and Prognostic Evaluation". Respiration. 86 (1): 5–12. doi:10.1159/000353580. ISSN 1423-0356.
↑ Travis, William D.; Hunninghake, Gary; King, Talmadge E.; Lynch, David A.; Colby, Thomas V.; Galvin, Jeffrey R.; Brown, Kevin K.; Chung, Man Pyo; Cordier, Jean-François; du Bois, Roland M.; Flaherty, Kevin R.; Franks, Teri J.; Hansell, David M.; Hartman, Thomas E.; Kazerooni, Ella A.; Kim, Dong Soon; Kitaichi, Masanori; Koyama, Takashi; Martinez, Fernando J.; Nagai, Sonoko; Midthun, David E.; Müller, Nestor L.; Nicholson, Andrew G.; Raghu, Ganesh; Selman, Moisés; Wells, Athol (2008). "Idiopathic Nonspecific Interstitial Pneumonia". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 177 (12): 1338–1347. doi:10.1164/rccm.200611-1685OC. ISSN 1073-449X.
↑ Mehrian, P.; Doroudinia, A.; Rashti, A.; Aloosh, O.; Dorudinia, A. (2017). "High-resolution computed tomography findings in chronic eosinophilic vs. cryptogenic organising pneumonia". The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. 21 (11): 1181–1186. doi:10.5588/ijtld.16.0723. ISSN 1027-3719.
↑ Parambil, Joseph; Mukhopadhyay, Sanjay (2012). "Acute Interstitial Pneumonia (AIP): Relationship to Hamman-Rich Syndrome, Diffuse Alveolar Damage (DAD), and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)". Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 33 (05): 476–485. doi:10.1055/s-0032-1325158. ISSN 1069-3424.
↑ Panchabhai, Tanmay S.; Farver, Carol; Highland, Kristin B. (2016). "Lymphocytic Interstitial Pneumonia". Clinics in Chest Medicine. 37 (3): 463–474. doi:10.1016/j.ccm.2016.04.009. ISSN 0272-5231.
↑ Sieminska, Alicja; Kuziemski, Krzysztof (2014). "Respiratory bronchiolitis-interstitial lung disease". Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases. 9 (1). doi:10.1186/s13023-014-0106-8. ISSN 1750-1172.
↑ Ryu, Jay H.; Myers, Jeffrey L.; Capizzi, Stephen A.; Douglas, William W.; Vassallo, Robert; Decker, Paul A. (2005). "Desquamative Interstitial Pneumonia and Respiratory Bronchiolitis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease". Chest. 127 (1): 178–184. doi:10.1378/chest.127.1.178. ISSN 0012-3692.
↑ Craig, P J; Wells, A U; Doffman, S; Rassl, D; Colby, T V; Hansell, D M; du Bois, R M; Nicholson, A G (2004). "Desquamative interstitial pneumonia, respiratory bronchiolitis and their relationship to smoking". Histopathology. 45 (3): 275–282. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2559.2004.01921.x. ISSN 0309-0167.
↑ Blakley, Matthew P.; Dutcher, Janice P.; Wiernik, Peter H. (2018). "Pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis, acute myeloid leukemia, and myelofibrosis in a large family and review of the literature". Leukemia Research. 67: 39–44. doi:10.1016/j.leukres.2018.01.011. ISSN 0145-2126.
↑ Carrington JM, Hershberger DM. PMID 29493933. Missing or empty |title= (help)
↑ Kiani, Arda; Parsa, Tahereh; Adimi Naghan, Parisa; Dutau, Hervé; Razavi, Fatemeh; Farzanegan, Behrooz; Pourabdollah Tootkaboni, Mahsa; Abedini, Atefeh (2018). "An eleven-year retrospective cross-sectional study on pulmonary alveolar proteinosis". Advances in Respiratory Medicine. 86 (1): 7–12. doi:10.5603/ARM.2018.0003. ISSN 2543-6031.
↑ Xu, Kai-Feng; Lo, Bee Hong (2014). "Lymphangioleiomyomatosis: differential diagnosis and optimal management". Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management: 691. doi:10.2147/TCRM.S50784. ISSN 1178-203X.
↑ Bernheim, Adam; McLoud, Theresa (2017). "A Review of Clinical and Imaging Findings in Eosinophilic Lung Diseases". American Journal of Roentgenology. 208 (5): 1002–1010. doi:10.2214/AJR.16.17315. ISSN 0361-803X.
↑ Miller, Ross; Allen, Timothy Craig; Barrios, Roberto J.; Beasley, Mary Beth; Burke, Louise; Cagle, Philip T.; Capelozzi, Vera Luiza; Ge, Yimin; Hariri, Lida P.; Kerr, Keith M.; Khoor, Andras; Larsen, Brandon T.; Mark, Eugene J.; Matsubara, Osamu; Mehrad, Mitra; Mino-Kenudson, Mari; Raparia, Kirtee; Roden, Anja Christiane; Russell, Prudence; Schneider, Frank; Sholl, Lynette M.; Smith, Maxwell Lawrence (2018). "Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis A Perspective From Members of the Pulmonary Pathology Society". Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 142 (1): 120–126. doi:10.5858/arpa.2017-0138-SA. ISSN 0003-9985.
↑ Sirajuddin, Arlene; Kanne, Jeffrey P. (2009). "Occupational Lung Disease". Journal of Thoracic Imaging. 24 (4): 310–320. doi:10.1097/RTI.0b013e3181c1a9b3. ISSN 0883-5993.
↑ Giridhar P, Mallick S, Rath GK, Julka PK (2015). "Radiation induced lung injury: prediction, assessment and management". Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev. 16 (7): 2613–7. PMID 25854336.
↑ DeVrieze BW, Hurley JA. PMID 29083697. Missing or empty |title= (help)
↑ Khorashadi, L.; Wu, C.C.; Betancourt, S.L.; Carter, B.W. (2015). "Idiopathic pulmonary haemosiderosis: spectrum of thoracic imaging findings in the adult patient". Clinical Radiology. 70 (5): 459–465. doi:10.1016/j.crad.2014.11.007. ISSN 0009-9260.
↑ Thompson, Gwen; Klecka, Mary; Roden, Anja C.; Specks, Ulrich; Cartin-Ceba, Rodrigo (2016). "Biopsy-proven pulmonary capillaritis: A retrospective study of aetiologies including an in-depth look at isolated pulmonary capillaritis". Respirology. 21 (4): 734–738. doi:10.1111/resp.12738. ISSN 1323-7799.
↑ Li, Cheng-Wei; Tao, Ru-Jia; Zou, Dan-Feng; Li, Man-Hui; Xu, Xin; Cao, Wei-Jun (2018). "Pulmonary sarcoidosis with and without extrapulmonary involvement: a cross-sectional and observational study in China". BMJ Open. 8 (2): e018865. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2017-018865. ISSN 2044-6055.
↑ Greco A, Marinelli C, Fusconi M, Macri GF, Gallo A, De Virgilio A, Zambetti G, de Vincentiis M (June 2016). "Clinic manifestations in granulomatosis with polyangiitis". Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 29 (2): 151–9. doi:10.1177/0394632015617063. PMC 5806708. PMID 26684637.
↑ Greco A, Rizzo MI, De Virgilio A, Gallo A, Fusconi M, Ruoppolo G, Altissimi G, De Vincentiis M (April 2015). "Churg-Strauss syndrome". Autoimmun Rev. 14 (4): 341–8. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2014.12.004. PMID 25500434.
↑ Myers, Jeffrey L. (1989). "Bronchocentric Granulomatosis". Chest. 96 (1): 3–4. doi:10.1378/chest.96.1.3. ISSN 0012-3692.
↑ Ankita, Grover; Shashi, Dhawan (2016). "Pulmonary Lymphomatoid Granulomatosis- a Case Report with Review of Literature". Indian Journal of Surgical Oncology. 7 (4): 484–487. doi:10.1007/s13193-016-0525-1. ISSN 0975-7651.
↑ Khoor, Andras; Colby, Thomas V. (2017). "Amyloidosis of the Lung". Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 141 (2): 247–254. doi:10.5858/arpa.2016-0102-RA. ISSN 0003-9985.
↑ Milani, Paolo; Basset, Marco; Russo, Francesca; Foli, Andrea; Palladini, Giovanni; Merlini, Giampaolo (2017). "The lung in amyloidosis". European Respiratory Review. 26 (145): 170046. doi:10.1183/16000617.0046-2017. ISSN 0905-9180.

Template:WH Template:WS

[PolettiRavaglia2013-1] Poletti, Venerino; Ravaglia, Claudia; Buccioli, Matteo; Tantalocco, Paola; Piciucchi, Sara; Dubini, Alessandra; Carloni, Angelo; Chilosi, Marco; Tomassetti, Sara (2013). "Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: Diagnosis and Prognostic Evaluation". Respiration. 86 (1): 5–12. doi:10.1159/000353580. ISSN 1423-0356.

[TravisHunninghake2008-2] Travis, William D.; Hunninghake, Gary; King, Talmadge E.; Lynch, David A.; Colby, Thomas V.; Galvin, Jeffrey R.; Brown, Kevin K.; Chung, Man Pyo; Cordier, Jean-François; du Bois, Roland M.; Flaherty, Kevin R.; Franks, Teri J.; Hansell, David M.; Hartman, Thomas E.; Kazerooni, Ella A.; Kim, Dong Soon; Kitaichi, Masanori; Koyama, Takashi; Martinez, Fernando J.; Nagai, Sonoko; Midthun, David E.; Müller, Nestor L.; Nicholson, Andrew G.; Raghu, Ganesh; Selman, Moisés; Wells, Athol (2008). "Idiopathic Nonspecific Interstitial Pneumonia". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 177 (12): 1338–1347. doi:10.1164/rccm.200611-1685OC. ISSN 1073-449X.

[MehrianDoroudinia2017-3] Mehrian, P.; Doroudinia, A.; Rashti, A.; Aloosh, O.; Dorudinia, A. (2017). "High-resolution computed tomography findings in chronic eosinophilic vs. cryptogenic organising pneumonia". The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. 21 (11): 1181–1186. doi:10.5588/ijtld.16.0723. ISSN 1027-3719.

[ParambilMukhopadhyay2012-4] Parambil, Joseph; Mukhopadhyay, Sanjay (2012). "Acute Interstitial Pneumonia (AIP): Relationship to Hamman-Rich Syndrome, Diffuse Alveolar Damage (DAD), and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)". Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 33 (05): 476–485. doi:10.1055/s-0032-1325158. ISSN 1069-3424.

[PanchabhaiFarver2016-5] Panchabhai, Tanmay S.; Farver, Carol; Highland, Kristin B. (2016). "Lymphocytic Interstitial Pneumonia". Clinics in Chest Medicine. 37 (3): 463–474. doi:10.1016/j.ccm.2016.04.009. ISSN 0272-5231.

[SieminskaKuziemski2014-6] Sieminska, Alicja; Kuziemski, Krzysztof (2014). "Respiratory bronchiolitis-interstitial lung disease". Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases. 9 (1). doi:10.1186/s13023-014-0106-8. ISSN 1750-1172.

[RyuMyers2005-7] Ryu, Jay H.; Myers, Jeffrey L.; Capizzi, Stephen A.; Douglas, William W.; Vassallo, Robert; Decker, Paul A. (2005). "Desquamative Interstitial Pneumonia and Respiratory Bronchiolitis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease". Chest. 127 (1): 178–184. doi:10.1378/chest.127.1.178. ISSN 0012-3692.

[CraigWells2004-8] Craig, P J; Wells, A U; Doffman, S; Rassl, D; Colby, T V; Hansell, D M; du Bois, R M; Nicholson, A G (2004). "Desquamative interstitial pneumonia, respiratory bronchiolitis and their relationship to smoking". Histopathology. 45 (3): 275–282. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2559.2004.01921.x. ISSN 0309-0167.

[BlakleyDutcher2018-9] Blakley, Matthew P.; Dutcher, Janice P.; Wiernik, Peter H. (2018). "Pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis, acute myeloid leukemia, and myelofibrosis in a large family and review of the literature". Leukemia Research. 67: 39–44. doi:10.1016/j.leukres.2018.01.011. ISSN 0145-2126.

[pmid29493933-10] Carrington JM, Hershberger DM. PMID 29493933. Missing or empty |title= (help)

[KianiParsa2018-11] Kiani, Arda; Parsa, Tahereh; Adimi Naghan, Parisa; Dutau, Hervé; Razavi, Fatemeh; Farzanegan, Behrooz; Pourabdollah Tootkaboni, Mahsa; Abedini, Atefeh (2018). "An eleven-year retrospective cross-sectional study on pulmonary alveolar proteinosis". Advances in Respiratory Medicine. 86 (1): 7–12. doi:10.5603/ARM.2018.0003. ISSN 2543-6031.

[XuLo2014-12] Xu, Kai-Feng; Lo, Bee Hong (2014). "Lymphangioleiomyomatosis: differential diagnosis and optimal management". Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management: 691. doi:10.2147/TCRM.S50784. ISSN 1178-203X.

[BernheimMcLoud2017-13] Bernheim, Adam; McLoud, Theresa (2017). "A Review of Clinical and Imaging Findings in Eosinophilic Lung Diseases". American Journal of Roentgenology. 208 (5): 1002–1010. doi:10.2214/AJR.16.17315. ISSN 0361-803X.

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Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis differential diagnosis

Overview

Differentiating Interstitial Lung Disease from other Diseases

References

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