Lead poisoning historical perspective
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aksiniya K. Stevasarova, M.D.
Overview
- Lead toxicity was first recognized as early as 200 BC.
Historical Perspective
- Nicander of Colophon wrote of lead-induced anemia and colic in 250 BC.[1] Gout, prevalent in affluent Rome, is thought to be the result of lead, or leaded eating and drinking vessels. Lead was used in makeup. Sugar of lead (lead(II) acetate) was used to sweeten wine, and the gout that resulted from this was known as saturnine gout. [2]
Discovery
- Lead was first mined in Asia Minor (today Turkey) about 6500 BC. A 6000- to 8000-year-old lead necklace was found in the ancient city site of Anatolia. Lead's easy workability, low melting point and corrosion resistance were among its attractions.
Outbreaks
- There have been several outbreaks of [disease name], which are summarized below:
Landmark Events in the Development of Treatment Strategies
- In [year], [diagnostic test/therapy] was developed by [scientist] to treat/diagnose [disease name].
Impact on Cultural History
- Aulus Cornelius Celsus, writing ca. 30 AD, listed white lead on a list of poisons with antidotes (beside cantharides, hemlock, hyoscyamus, poisoned mushrooms, and a swallowed leech), and claimed it could be remedied by mallow or walnut juice rubbed up in wine.
- Despite his awareness of lead's toxicity, citing many contemporary authorities, Celsus recommended its use in a wide range of ointments applied to wounds to stop bleeding and reduce infection or inflammation. [6]
Famous Cases
- The following are a few famous cases of disease name:
References
- ↑ Annu Rev Med. 2004;55:209-22.Lead poisoning. Needleman H1. pmid=14746518
- ↑ www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/nejmc062352
- ↑ penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Celsus/5*.html
- ↑ Environ Pollut. 1993;81(3):251-5. Damage to plants due to industrial pollution and their use as bioindicators in Egypt. Ali EA1. | pmid = 15091810 |
- ↑ Environ Pollut. 2005 Mar;134(2):217-27. Evidence of the involvement of plant ligno-cellulosic structure in the sequestration of Pb: an X-ray spectroscopy-based analysis. Marmiroli M1, Antonioli G, Maestri E, Marmiroli N. | pmid = 15589649 |
- ↑ penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Celsus/5*.html