Kidney stone epidemiology and demographics
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Amandeep Singh M.D.[2]
Overview
Epidemiology and Demographics
Various studies have found epidemiological data based on time and population as mentioned:[1][2][3][4]
Incidence
- In 2000, the incidence/prevalence of nephrolithiasis was estimated to be 116 cases per 100,000 individuals in the United States.[5]
Prevalence
- The prevalence of nephrolithiasis is approximately 1116 per 100,000 individuals worldwide.
- It has increased from every 1 in 20 to 1 in 11 person in United States has kidney stones.[6]
- According to American Journal of Kidney disease, 2016, 8% of women and 16% of men are developing nephrolithiasis by the age of 70 years.
- According to 2000 National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey of the United State,s there is an annual burden of more than 1,100,000 emergency department visits with a primary diagnosis of renal calculus or colic.[7]
Case-fatality rate/Mortality rate
- "There is no independent association of prevalent kidney stone disease with all-cause and CV mortality."[8]
Age
- Patients of all age groups may develop [disease name].
- The incidence of [disease name] increases with age; the median age at diagnosis is [#] years.
- [Disease name] commonly affects individuals younger than/older than [number of years] years of age.
- [Chronic disease name] is usually first diagnosed among [age group].
- [Acute disease name] commonly affects [age group].
Race
- Nephrolithiasis usually affects individuals of the white/Caucasian ethnicity.
Gender
- Males are more commonly affected by nephrolithiaisis than females. The male to female ratio is approximately 2 to 1.[9]
- The trend keeps on changing , a study in 2010 claims the incidence rate ratio of men to women with urinary tract stones has narrowed from 3.4 to 1.3.[10]
- Females are having increasing incidence rates owing to increase lifestyle disease like obesity.
Region
- The majority of nephrolithiasis cases are reported in southeast belt of the United States.
- The number of cases increase from north to south and from west to east
- The states of North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Tennessee are considered in the “stone belt.”[11]
- The ambient temperature and sunlight levels as risk factors for stones and differences in exposure to temperature and sunlight and beverages are also responsible for geographic variability.[12]
References
- ↑ Shoag J, Tasian GE, Goldfarb DS, Eisner BH (July 2015). "The new epidemiology of nephrolithiasis". Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 22 (4): 273–8. doi:10.1053/j.ackd.2015.04.004. PMID 26088071.
- ↑ Roudakova K, Monga M (January 2014). "The evolving epidemiology of stone disease". Indian J Urol. 30 (1): 44–8. doi:10.4103/0970-1591.124206. PMC 3897053. PMID 24497682.
- ↑ Curhan GC (August 2007). "Epidemiology of stone disease". Urol. Clin. North Am. 34 (3): 287–93. doi:10.1016/j.ucl.2007.04.003. PMC 2693870. PMID 17678980.
- ↑ Ziemba JB, Matlaga BR (September 2017). "Epidemiology and economics of nephrolithiasis". Investig Clin Urol. 58 (5): 299–306. doi:10.4111/icu.2017.58.5.299. PMC 5577325. PMID 28868500.
- ↑ Romero V, Akpinar H, Assimos DG (2010). "Kidney stones: a global picture of prevalence, incidence, and associated risk factors". Rev Urol. 12 (2–3): e86–96. PMC 2931286. PMID 20811557.
- ↑ Scales CD, Smith AC, Hanley JM, Saigal CS (July 2012). "Prevalence of kidney stones in the United States". Eur. Urol. 62 (1): 160–5. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2012.03.052. PMC 3362665. PMID 22498635.
- ↑ Brown J (2006). "Diagnostic and treatment patterns for renal colic in US emergency departments". Int Urol Nephrol. 38 (1): 87–92. doi:10.1007/s11255-005-3622-6. PMID 16502058.
- ↑ Tang J, Mettler P, McFann K, Chonchol M (2013). "The association of prevalent kidney stone disease with mortality in US adults: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III, 1988-1994". Am. J. Nephrol. 37 (5): 501–6. doi:10.1159/000350691. PMC 4278430. PMID 23635714.
- ↑ Pfau, Anja; Knauf, Felix (2016). "Update on Nephrolithiasis: Core Curriculum 2016". American Journal of Kidney Diseases. 68 (6): 973–985. doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2016.05.016. ISSN 0272-6386.
- ↑ Strope SA, Wolf JS, Hollenbeck BK (March 2010). "Changes in gender distribution of urinary stone disease". Urology. 75 (3): 543–6, 546.e1. doi:10.1016/j.urology.2009.08.007. PMC 3410535. PMID 19854493.
- ↑ Soucie JM, Thun MJ, Coates RJ, McClellan W, Austin H (September 1994). "Demographic and geographic variability of kidney stones in the United States". Kidney Int. 46 (3): 893–9. PMID 7996811.
- ↑ Soucie JM, Coates RJ, McClellan W, Austin H, Thun M (March 1996). "Relation between geographic variability in kidney stones prevalence and risk factors for stones". Am. J. Epidemiol. 143 (5): 487–95. PMID 8610664.