Multiple sclerosis epidemiology and demographics
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Irfan Dotani
Overview
The majority of multiple sclerosis cases are reported in northern Europe, continental North America, and Australasia, which is about one of every 1000 citizens. Factors including sunlight exposure, climate, diet, toxins, genetic factors, geomagnetism, childhood environmental factors, and infections have been proved to cause the differences in MS prevalence. MS is at least two times more common among women than men. The onset of symptoms is mostly between the age of fifteen to forty years, rarely before age fifteen or after age sixty.
Epidemiology and Demographics
The majority of multiple sclerosis cases are reported in northern Europe, continental North America, and Australasia, which is about one of every 1000 citizens while there is a lower frequency of people suffering from Multiple Sclerosis among citizens of the Arabian Peninsula, Asia, and continental South America. In addition, in sub-Saharan Africa, MS is extremely rare.[1] factors including sunlight exposure, climate, diet, toxins, genetic factors, geomagnetism, Childhood environmental factors and infections have been proved to cause this differences in MS prevalence. Several studies demonstrated that if immigration occurs before the age of fifteen, the migrant's susceptibility to MS will be equal to that region's native people, But if migration occurs after the age of fifteen, the migrant's susceptibility will remain equal to his home country.[2]
genetic factors are an important risk factors to MS disease. It is estimated that among MS patients siblings, one can be affected eventually. The identical twins of MS-affected individuals, almost half of them will develop MS, but in fraternal twins it's one of twenty.if one of the parents is affected by MS, the risk of developing MS for each child is about one in forty.[3]
it is important to say that some studies on related diseases have shown that some diseases which were formerly considered MS cases are not MS at all. all the studies before 2004 can be affected because of inability to distinguish MS and Devic's disease (NMO).[4]
Incidence
Prevalence
The prevalence of MS varies among countries. according to some studies MS occurs mostly in Caucasians while it is rare in the Native American tribes of North America, Australian Aborigines and the Māori of New Zealand. Among countries Scotland seems to have the highest rate of MS in the world.[5] We can conclude that due to genetic susceptibility, lifestyle and different culture, the development of this disease is not equal in various regions.
Case-fatality rate/Mortality rate
Age
The onset of symptoms is mostly between the age of fifteen to forty years, rarely before age fifteen or after age sixty.
Race
MS prevalence is lower in African Americans, Mexicans, Japanese, Chinese and Filipinos people rather than white men.[6]
Gender
autoimmune disorders such as MS is at least two times more common among women than men but this difference will disappear after the age of 50 and in children reach three females for each male.
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World map showing that risk for MS increases with greater distance from the equator
References
- ↑ Epidemiology and multiple sclerosis. a personal review
- ↑ Marrie, RA. Environmental risk factors in multiple sclerosis etiology. Lancet Neurol. 2004 Dec;3(12):709-18. Review. PMID 15556803
- ↑ Sadovnick, AD, Ebers, GC, Dyment, DA, Risch, NJ. Evidence for genetic basis of multiple sclerosis. The Canadian Collaborative Study Group. Lancet 1996; 347:1728. PMID 8656905
- ↑ Weinshenker B (2005). "Western vs optic-spinal MS: two diseases, one treatment?". Neurology. 64 (4): 594–5. PMID 15728277.
- ↑ Rothwell PM, Charlton D (1998). "High incidence and prevalence of multiple sclerosis in south east Scotland: evidence of a genetic predisposition". J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr. 64 (6): 730–5. PMID 9647300.
- ↑