Laryngeal cancer risk factors
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Faizan Sheraz, M.D. [2]
Overview
Common risk factors in the development of laryngeal cancer are smoking tobacco, chewing tobacco, and heavy alcohol consumption.[1]
Risk Factors
Common risk factors for the development of laryngeal cancer include:[1]
Alcohol
Smoking
Viral infection — Multiple types of viral infections have been associated with an increased risk of head and neck cancer, including particularly EBV, HPV, hepatitis C virus (HCV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
Immunodeficiency — Immunodeficiency due to infection with HIV or solid organ transplantation has been associated with an increased risk of cancer in the head and neck region.
Betel nut chewing
Occupational exposure —
- Perchloroethylene [35]
- Pesticides, man-made mineral vitreous fibers (MMMF), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons [36]
- Textile workers, wood workers [37],
- Manufacturers of mustard gas, plastic and rubber products, naphthalene refiners, ethanol, sulfuric acid mist, leather and paint workers, automobile mechanics, construction workers (cement) [38]
- Farmers, and metal workers [39]
- Formaldehyde was classified as a carcinogen in 2004 because of its association with nasopharyngeal cancer and possibly cancers of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses [40-42]
- SCCs of the larynx and the base of the tongue have also been associated with exposure to Agent Orange.
Radiation
Diet — Increased consumption of fruits and vegetables decrease the risk [49,50]. In contrast, case-control studies suggest that the risk of nasopharyngeal carcinoma is increased in frequent consumers of preserved meats that contain high levels of added nitrites [51].
Genetic factors — Multiple genetic factors and pathways may contribute to an increase in the risk of head and neck cancer, and these factors may interact with other known risk factors [52-54]. Examples of these factors include metabolic polymorphisms that influence exposure to the carcinogens in tobacco smoke, DNA repair gene polymorphisms, and variations in other pathways contributing to carcinogenesis.
Patients with Fanconi anemia are at high risk for developing a malignancy, including SCC of the head and neck, myelodysplastic syndrome, and acute myelocytic leukemia [55-57]. Head and neck cancers in these patients tend to arise at an earlier age and in the absence of other risk factors (tobacco, alcohol). The management of patients with head and neck cancer arising with Fanconi anemia is complicated by the significant increase in susceptibility to complications of radiation therapy [57].
Mouthwash — [58].
Other risk factors — Other factors also may contribute to the development of head and neck cancer in selected patients. These include poor oral hygiene and periodontal disease, which has been linked with carcinoma of the oral cavity [59]. On the other hand, dental prostheses or poorly fitting dentures do not appear to be independent risk factors for the development of oral carcinoma [60-63].
| Risk Factors | Description |
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Smoking |
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Heavy alcohol consumption |
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References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Hypopharyngeal cancer treatment. National Cancer Institute. http://www.cancer.org/cancer/laryngealandhypopharyngealcancer/detailedguide/laryngeal-and-hypopharyngeal-cancer-risk-factors Accessed on October 26, 2015.
- ↑ Olsen J, Sabroe S (June 1984). "Occupational causes of laryngeal cancer". J Epidemiol Community Health. 38 (2): 117–21. PMID 6747509.
- ↑ Battista G, Belli S, Comba P, Fiumalbi C, Grignoli M, Loi F, Orsi D, Paredes I (November 1999). "Mortality due to asbestos-related causes among railway carriage construction and repair workers". Occup Med (Lond). 49 (8): 536–9. PMID 10658307.
- ↑ Roh S, Park S, Tae G, Song J (2016). "A case of laryngeal cancer induced by exposure to asbestos in a construction site supervisor". Ann Occup Environ Med. 28: 34. doi:10.1186/s40557-016-0114-3. PMC 4976513. PMID 27504188.