This gene product is highly similar to Schizosaccharomyces pombe rad9, a cell cycle checkpoint protein required for cell cycle arrest and DNA damage repair in response to DNA damage. This protein is found to possess 3' to 5' exonuclease activity, which may contribute to its role in sensing and repairing DNA damage. It forms a checkpoint protein complex with RAD1 and HUS1. This complex is recruited by checkpoint protein RAD17 to the sites of DNA damage, which is thought to be important for triggering the checkpoint-signaling cascade. Use of alternative polyA sites has been noted for this gene.[2]
↑Rual JF, Venkatesan K, Hao T, Hirozane-Kishikawa T, Dricot A, Li N, Berriz GF, Gibbons FD, Dreze M, Ayivi-Guedehoussou N, Klitgord N, Simon C, Boxem M, Milstein S, Rosenberg J, Goldberg DS, Zhang LV, Wong SL, Franklin G, Li S, Albala JS, Lim J, Fraughton C, Llamosas E, Cevik S, Bex C, Lamesch P, Sikorski RS, Vandenhaute J, Zoghbi HY, Smolyar A, Bosak S, Sequerra R, Doucette-Stamm L, Cusick ME, Hill DE, Roth FP, Vidal M (October 2005). "Towards a proteome-scale map of the human protein-protein interaction network". Nature. 437 (7062): 1173–8. doi:10.1038/nature04209. PMID16189514.
↑ 6.06.1Komatsu K, Miyashita T, Hang H, Hopkins KM, Zheng W, Cuddeback S, Yamada M, Lieberman HB, Wang HG (January 2000). "Human homologue of S. pombe Rad9 interacts with BCL-2/BCL-xL and promotes apoptosis". Nat. Cell Biol. 2 (1): 1–6. doi:10.1038/71316. PMID10620799.
↑Xiang SL, Kumano T, Iwasaki SI, Sun X, Yoshioka K, Yamamoto KC (October 2001). "The J domain of Tpr2 regulates its interaction with the proapoptotic and cell-cycle checkpoint protein, Rad9". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 287 (4): 932–40. doi:10.1006/bbrc.2001.5685. PMID11573955.
↑Cai RL, Yan-Neale Y, Cueto MA, Xu H, Cohen D (September 2000). "HDAC1, a histone deacetylase, forms a complex with Hus1 and Rad9, two G2/M checkpoint Rad proteins". J. Biol. Chem. 275 (36): 27909–16. doi:10.1074/jbc.M000168200. PMID10846170.
↑ 9.09.19.2Dufault VM, Oestreich AJ, Vroman BT, Karnitz LM (Dec 2003). "Identification and characterization of RAD9B, a paralog of the RAD9 checkpoint gene". Genomics. 82 (6): 644–51. doi:10.1016/s0888-7543(03)00200-3. PMID14611806.
↑ 10.010.1Volkmer E, Karnitz LM (January 1999). "Human homologs of Schizosaccharomyces pombe rad1, hus1, and rad9 form a DNA damage-responsive protein complex". J. Biol. Chem. 274 (2): 567–70. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.2.567. PMID9872989.
↑ 11.011.1Griffith JD, Lindsey-Boltz LA, Sancar A (May 2002). "Structures of the human Rad17-replication factor C and checkpoint Rad 9-1-1 complexes visualized by glycerol spray/low voltage microscopy". J. Biol. Chem. 277 (18): 15233–6. doi:10.1074/jbc.C200129200. PMID11907025.
↑ 12.012.1Hirai I, Wang HG (July 2002). "A role of the C-terminal region of human Rad9 (hRad9) in nuclear transport of the hRad9 checkpoint complex". J. Biol. Chem. 277 (28): 25722–7. doi:10.1074/jbc.M203079200. PMID11994305.
↑Rauen M, Burtelow MA, Dufault VM, Karnitz LM (September 2000). "The human checkpoint protein hRad17 interacts with the PCNA-like proteins hRad1, hHus1, and hRad9". J. Biol. Chem. 275 (38): 29767–71. doi:10.1074/jbc.M005782200. PMID10884395.
↑Mäkiniemi M, Hillukkala T, Tuusa J, Reini K, Vaara M, Huang D, Pospiech H, Majuri I, Westerling T, Mäkelä TP, Syväoja JE (August 2001). "BRCT domain-containing protein TopBP1 functions in DNA replication and damage response". J. Biol. Chem. 276 (32): 30399–406. doi:10.1074/jbc.M102245200. PMID11395493.
Further reading
Lieberman HB (2006). "Rad9, an evolutionarily conserved gene with multiple functions for preserving genomic integrity". J. Cell. Biochem. 97 (4): 690–7. doi:10.1002/jcb.20759. PMID16365875.
Volkmer E, Karnitz LM (1999). "Human homologs of Schizosaccharomyces pombe rad1, hus1, and rad9 form a DNA damage-responsive protein complex". J. Biol. Chem. 274 (2): 567–70. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.2.567. PMID9872989.
Komatsu K, Miyashita T, Hang H, Hopkins KM, Zheng W, Cuddeback S, Yamada M, Lieberman HB, Wang HG (2000). "Human homologue of S. pombe Rad9 interacts with BCL-2/BCL-xL and promotes apoptosis". Nat. Cell Biol. 2 (1): 1–6. doi:10.1038/71316. PMID10620799.
Bessho T, Sancar A (2000). "Human DNA damage checkpoint protein hRAD9 is a 3' to 5' exonuclease". J. Biol. Chem. 275 (11): 7451–4. doi:10.1074/jbc.275.11.7451. PMID10713044.
Hang H, Lieberman HB (2000). "Physical interactions among human checkpoint control proteins HUS1p, RAD1p, and RAD9p, and implications for the regulation of cell cycle progression". Genomics. 65 (1): 24–33. doi:10.1006/geno.2000.6142. PMID10777662.
Cai RL, Yan-Neale Y, Cueto MA, Xu H, Cohen D (2000). "HDAC1, a histone deacetylase, forms a complex with Hus1 and Rad9, two G2/M checkpoint Rad proteins". J. Biol. Chem. 275 (36): 27909–16. doi:10.1074/jbc.M000168200. PMID10846170.
Burtelow MA, Kaufmann SH, Karnitz LM (2000). "Retention of the human Rad9 checkpoint complex in extraction-resistant nuclear complexes after DNA damage". J. Biol. Chem. 275 (34): 26343–8. doi:10.1074/jbc.M001244200. PMID10852904.
Rauen M, Burtelow MA, Dufault VM, Karnitz LM (2000). "The human checkpoint protein hRad17 interacts with the PCNA-like proteins hRad1, hHus1, and hRad9". J. Biol. Chem. 275 (38): 29767–71. doi:10.1074/jbc.M005782200. PMID10884395.
Komatsu K, Wharton W, Hang H, Wu C, Singh S, Lieberman HB, Pledger WJ, Wang HG (2000). "PCNA interacts with hHus1/hRad9 in response to DNA damage and replication inhibition". Oncogene. 19 (46): 5291–7. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1203901. PMID11077446.
Chen MJ, Lin YT, Lieberman HB, Chen G, Lee EY (2001). "ATM-dependent phosphorylation of human Rad9 is required for ionizing radiation-induced checkpoint activation". J. Biol. Chem. 276 (19): 16580–6. doi:10.1074/jbc.M008871200. PMID11278446.
Burtelow MA, Roos-Mattjus PM, Rauen M, Babendure JR, Karnitz LM (2001). "Reconstitution and molecular analysis of the hRad9-hHus1-hRad1 (9-1-1) DNA damage responsive checkpoint complex". J. Biol. Chem. 276 (28): 25903–9. doi:10.1074/jbc.M102946200. PMID11340080.
Mäkiniemi M, Hillukkala T, Tuusa J, Reini K, Vaara M, Huang D, Pospiech H, Majuri I, Westerling T, Mäkelä TP, Syväoja JE (2001). "BRCT domain-containing protein TopBP1 functions in DNA replication and damage response". J. Biol. Chem. 276 (32): 30399–406. doi:10.1074/jbc.M102245200. PMID11395493.
St Onge RP, Besley BD, Park M, Casselman R, Davey S (2001). "DNA damage-dependent and -independent phosphorylation of the hRad9 checkpoint protein". J. Biol. Chem. 276 (45): 41898–905. doi:10.1074/jbc.M105152200. PMID11551919.
Xiang SL, Kumano T, Iwasaki SI, Sun X, Yoshioka K, Yamamoto KC (2001). "The J domain of Tpr2 regulates its interaction with the proapoptotic and cell-cycle checkpoint protein, Rad9". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 287 (4): 932–40. doi:10.1006/bbrc.2001.5685. PMID11573955.
Griffith JD, Lindsey-Boltz LA, Sancar A (2002). "Structures of the human Rad17-replication factor C and checkpoint Rad 9-1-1 complexes visualized by glycerol spray/low voltage microscopy". J. Biol. Chem. 277 (18): 15233–6. doi:10.1074/jbc.C200129200. PMID11907025.
Hang H, Zhang Y, Dunbrack RL, Wang C, Lieberman HB (2002). "Identification and characterization of a paralog of human cell cycle checkpoint gene HUS1". Genomics. 79 (4): 487–92. doi:10.1006/geno.2002.6737. PMID11944979.