Vitronectin binds to integrinalpha-V beta-3 and thus promotes cell adhesion and spreading. It also inhibits the membrane-damaging effect of the terminal cytolytic complement pathway, and binds to several serpins (serine protease inhibitors). It is a secreted protein and exists in either a single chain form or a clipped, two chain form held together by a disulfide bond.[2] Vitronectin has been speculated to be involved in hemostasis[4] and tumormalignancy.[5][6]
Vitronectin is a 75 kDa glycoprotein, consisting of 459 amino acidresidues. About one-third of the protein's molecular mass is composed of carbohydrates. On occasion, the protein is cleaved after arginine 379, to produce two-chain vitronectin, where the two parts are linked by a disulfide bond. No high resolution structure has been determined experimentally yet,
except for the N-terminal domain.
A central domains with hemopexin homology (131-342)
A C-terminal domain (residues 347-459) also with hemopexin homology.
Several structures has been reported for the Somatomedin B domain. The protein was initially crystallized in complex with one of its physiological binding partners: the Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and the structure solved for this complex.[7] Subsequently two groups reported NMR structures of the domain.[8][9]
The somatomedin B domain is a close-knit disulfide knot, with 4 disulfide bonds within 35 residues. Different disulfide configurations had been reported for this domain[10][11][12] but this ambiguity has been resolved by the crystal structure.[12]
The somatomedin B domain of vitronectin binds to plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), and stabilizes it.[7] Thus vitronectin serves to regulate proteolysis initiated by plasminogen activation. In addition, vitronectin is a component of platelets and is, thus, involved in hemostasis. Vitronectin contains an RGD (45-47) sequence, which is a binding site for membrane-bound integrins, e.g., the vitronectin receptor, which serve to anchor cells to the extracellular matrix. The Somatomedin B domain interacts with the urokinase receptor, and this interaction has been implicated in cell migration and signal transduction. High plasma levels of both PAI-1 and the urokinase receptor have been shown to correlate with a negative prognosis for cancer patients. Cell adhesion and migration are directly involved in cancer metastasis, which provides a probable mechanistic explanation for this observation.
References
↑Boron, Walter F. and Boulpaep, Emile L. "Medical Physiology". Saunders, 2012, p.1097.
↑Jenne D, Stanley KK (Oct 1987). "Nucleotide sequence and organization of the human S-protein gene: repeating peptide motifs in the "pexin" family and a model for their evolution". Biochemistry. 26 (21): 6735–42. doi:10.1021/bi00395a024. PMID2447940.
↑Kamikubo Y, De Guzman R, Kroon G, Curriden S, Neels JG, Churchill MJ, Dawson P, Ołdziej S, Jagielska A, Scheraga HA, Loskutoff DJ, Dyson HJ (Jun 2004). "Disulfide bonding arrangements in active forms of the somatomedin B domain of human vitronectin". Biochemistry. 43 (21): 6519–34. doi:10.1021/bi049647c. PMID15157085.
↑Mayasundari A, Whittemore NA, Serpersu EH, Peterson CB (Jul 2004). "The solution structure of the N-terminal domain of human vitronectin: proximal sites that regulate fibrinolysis and cell migration". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 279 (28): 29359–66. doi:10.1074/jbc.M401279200. PMID15123712.
↑Kamikubo Y, Okumura Y, Loskutoff DJ (Jul 2002). "Identification of the disulfide bonds in the recombinant somatomedin B domain of human vitronectin". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 (30): 27109–19. doi:10.1074/jbc.M200354200. PMID12019263.
↑Horn NA, Hurst GB, Mayasundari A, Whittemore NA, Serpersu EH, Peterson CB (Aug 2004). "Assignment of the four disulfides in the N-terminal somatomedin B domain of native vitronectin isolated from human plasma". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 279 (34): 35867–78. doi:10.1074/jbc.M405716200. PMID15173163.
↑ 12.012.112.2Xu D, Baburaj K, Peterson CB, Xu Y (Aug 2001). "Model for the three-dimensional structure of vitronectin: predictions for the multi-domain protein from threading and docking". Proteins. 44 (3): 312–20. doi:10.1002/prot.1096. PMID11455604.
Further reading
Singh B, Su YC, Riesbeck K (2010). "Vitronectin in bacterial pathogenesis: a host protein used in complement escape and cellular invasion". Mol. Microbiol. 78 (3): 545–60. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2010.07373.x. PMID20807208.
Singh B, Jalalvand F, Mörgelin M, Zipfel P, Blom AM, Riesbeck K (2011). "Haemophilus influenzae protein E recognizes the C-terminal domain of vitronectin and modulates the membrane attack complex". Mol. Microbiol. 81 (1): 80–98. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2011.07678.x. PMID21542857.
Su YC, Jalalvand F, Mörgelin M, Blom AM, Singh B, Riesbeck K (2013). "Haemophilus influenzae acquires vitronectin via the ubiquitous Protein F to subvert host innate immunity". Mol. Microbiol. 87 (6): 1245–66. doi:10.1111/mmi.12164. PMID23387957.
