Sandbox:Zahir

Jump to navigation Jump to search


Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Zahir Ali Shaikh, MD[2]

Vaginal/Vulvar mass differential diagnosis

Diseases Clinical manifestations Para-clinical findings Gold standard
Symptoms Physical exam Lab Findings Imaging Histopathology
Abnormal

vaginal bleeding

Abnormal vaginal dyscharge Pelvic

pain

Itching or

burning of the vulva

Other Genitourinary/ Gastrointestinal symptoms B symptoms Abdominal pain Gynecological examinations Abdominal

mass

HPV Pap smear STI Panel Ultrasound MRI CT Scan
Cervical cancer[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8] + + + +

+

+ ± ±Chlamydia T2-weighted MRI :
  • Ovoid, heterogeneous tumor distending the cervical canal with stromal involvement.
 PET/CT scan:
Cervical polyp[9]
  • Postcoital
  • Intermenstrual
  • Postmenopausal
  • Bleeding after exam
 + − − − − −
  • Mass on exam
 − − − −
  • Hyper/hypoechogenic masses with or without cysts
  • Filling the endocervical or vaginal canal
  • Epithelial cells with no nuclear atypia/mitoses
  • Hysteroscopy /Biopsy
Cervical leiomyoma[10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17]
  • Heavy/prolonged menstrual bleeding
  • Intermenstrual bleeding
 + + −
  • Urinary retention
  • Constipation
  • Infertility
  • Bowel obstruction
  • Increase in pregnancy/labor complications
 − +
  • Large,irregular pelvic mass
 ±
− − −
  • Well circumscribed hyperechoic mass
 T2-weighted MRI:
  • Hypointense masses
  • Homogeneous

enhancement

  • Red degeneration
  • Spindle shaped smooth muscle cells
  • Mature adipocytes
  • Extracellular matrix consist of collagen,fibronectin.
  • Clinical diagnosis/ and
  • Ultrasound
Cervical lymphoma[18][19][20]
  • Postmenopausal bleeding
 − + −
  • Difficulty urinating
  • Post-coital pain
 + +
  • Larrge uterine/cervix mass
  • Irregularity
 + − − −
  • Well-defined, solid, concentric, hypoechoic mass
 MRI:
  • Intramyometrial infiltrative nodules
 Diffuse heterogeneous uterine cervical mass & hypoechoic enlarged iliac lymph nodes
  • Small tumor cells with large nuclei
  • High mitoses and proliferation
  • Biopsy
  • diffuse large B-Cell lymphoma (DLBCL) most frequent type.
Cervical sarcoma[21][22]
  • Intermentrual
  • Postmenopausal
 ± + −
  • Post-coital pain
  • Fullness in pelvic
 ± +
  • Cervical mass
  • Lump protruding from vagina/vulva
 + − − −
  • Endometrial mass with heterogeneous echogenicity
 MRI:
  • Endometrial polypoid mass
  • Hypointense hypervascular solid components
 N/A
  • Mitotic index
  • Cellular atypia
  • Coagulative necrosis
  • Biopsy
Cervical erosion(Ectropion)[23][24][25][26][27]
  • Light bleeding after pelvic exam
  • Spotting
 + + ±
  • Post-coital pain
  • Painful cramps
  • Pain after sex
 − + − − − − - N/A N/A N/A
  • Squamous metaplasia
  • Vascular ectasia
  • Lymphocytic infiltration
Cervicitis[28][29][30][31]
  • Intermenstrual bleeding
  • Postcoital
  • Bleeding after pelvic exam
 + +
  • Itching
  • Pain during urination
  • Pain during sex
  • Painful menstruation
  • May have fever only
 +/-
  • Red,inflammed swollen cervix
  • Inflammation/irritation of vulva/vagina
 − − −
  • Chlamydia
  • Gonorrhea
  • Herpes simplex
  • Trichomonas vaginalis
 To detect complications like PID N/A N/A N/A
IUD use[32][33][34]
  • Heavy bleeidng
 ± +
  • Itching
  • Painful menstruation
 − +/-
  • Strings of IUD device
  • Signs of inflmmation
  • Discharge
  • Bleeding
 − − − ± To detect IUD location and pregnancy N/A N/A N/A Physical exam and utrasound
Pelvic inflammatory diseases[35][36]
  • Bleeding after sex
  • Intermenstrual bleeding
 + +
  • Itching/burning
  • Pain during sex
  • Painful menstruation
  • Burning sensation during urination
  • Pain during bowel movement
  • Fever
 ±Abdominal

pain

  • Pelvic pain
  • Vaginal/vulvar tender lesion depending on microbial cause
 − − −
  • Chlamydia
  • Gonorrhea
  • Enlarged fallopian tubes
  • Abscess
  • Hyperemia
  • Ectopic pregnancy/ovarian cyst/abscess
 Thickened fluid filled fallopian tubes N/A May show endometritis
Endometriosis[37][38][39][40][41][42]
  • Heavy mentrual bleeding
 ±
  • Pelvic pain
  • Back pain
 −
  • Painful menstruation
  • Burning/painful urination
  • Painful bowel movement
  • Pain during or after sex
  • Infertility
 − +
  • Tender uterosacral nodularity
  • Immobile uterus
  • Cervical motion tenderness
  • Retroverted uterus
 + − − −
  • Unilocular/multilocular cysts contating thin/thick septations
  • Increased vascularity showing increased doppler flow
  • Hyperintensity on T1 weighted images
  • Hypointensity on T2 weighted images
  • Catamenial pneumothorax, hemothorax & lung nodules
  • Visual inspection by laparascopy
Adenomyosis[43][44][45][46]
  • Abnormal uterine bleeding
 − + −
  • Painful menstruation
 −
  • Polypoid mass protruding into the endocervical canal.
 − − −
Cervical ectopic pregnancy[47]
  • Amennorhea
  • Bleeding after pelvic exam
 − − −
  • Pelvic pain
 − +
  • Soft and disporportionally enlarged uterus.
 − −
  • Empty uterine
  • Thickened endometrium
 T2-weighted MRI:
  • Hypointense large mass

T1-weighted MRI:

  • Partially hyperintense mass
  • Necrotic hemorrhagic mass with chorionic villus
  • Hysterectomy and biopsy
DES exposure (Clear cell adenocarcinoma)[48]
  • Postcoital bleeding
 + − − −
Paget's disease of vulva to cervix[49][50][51]
  • Bleeding from lesion
  • Oozing
 ± −
  • Itching/burning
  • Pain in vulva
 − −
−
  • Scaly eczematoid lesion in vulva.
  • Erythematous plaques with white scaling.
  • Inguinal lymphadenopathy in case of metastases.
 − − − −
  • Intraepidermal adenocarcinoma which involves epidermis
  • Biopsy of lesion
Vaginal cancer[52]
  • Postcoital bleeding

+

  • Tenesmus
  • Dysuria
  • Urinary frequency
  • Constipation
  • Pelvic pain
  • Vaginal lump
  • Inguinal lymphadenopathy
 − − −
Nabothian cyst[53][54][55]
  • Postcoital bleeding
 + − −
  • Pain during sex
 −
  • Cystic mass on exam
 − − − −
  • Intermediate or slightly high signal intensity on T1-weighted
  • High signal intensity on T2-weighted images
Rectal cancer[56][57][58][59][60] - - + -
  • Constipation/diarrhea
  • Absent bowel sounds
  • Rectal mass/bleeding
  • Abdominal tenderness
 Weight loss + LLQ + NL + - - +/- Endoscopic/transrectal US detects tumor extent Determine tumor stage Determine tumor stage
  • Sheets or cords of malignant cells
  • Cellular atypia & pleomorphism
  • High mitotic rate
  • Necrotic debris in glandular lumina
 Colonoscopy with biopsy
Submucous uterine leiomyoma[61][62][63] Menorrhagia - + -
  • Constipation
  • Urinary frequency/incontinence
  • Hydronephrosis
 - + Enlarged, irregular, firm, nontender uterus + - - -
  • Trans vaginal US: well defined hypoechoic
  • Saline US: for submucous fibroids/polypoi
 Provides information on no: of fibroids, size, vascularization, relationship with endometrial cavity & serosal surface Not required Not required Physical examination with Ultrasound
Uterine cancer[64][65][66][67]
  • Menometorrhagia
  • Intermenstrual bleeding
  • Postcoital bleeding
 + + -
  • Polyuria
  • Dysuria
  • Fatigue
  • Weight loss
 +
  • Enlarged uterus
  • Lymphadenpathy
  • Mesenteric nodules (metastases)
 + - - - Thickened endometrial lining >4cm
  • Endometrial thickening
  • Lymph node involvement
  • Pelvic metastases
 Not required
  • Endometrial malignant cells
  • Low grade type 1
  • High grade type 2
 Histologic diagnosis
Vaginal lymphoma[68][69][70] + + + + Abdominal/pelvic pain - + Palpable mass between rectum & vagina +/- - - - Diffuse mass in external cervical orifice & invading the vagina Diffuse mass in external cervical orifice & invading the vagina Not required CD20 & CD79a positive Immunohistochemistry & biopsy
Vaginal polyp[71][72][73][74] Postmenopausal bleeding + + +
  • Dysperunia
  • Postcoidal bleeding
  • Dysuria
  • Constipation
 - + Mass protruding from vagina +/- - - - To exclude uterine hyperplasia/carcinoma To determine the extent N/A Benign tissue/premalignant cells Excisional biopsy
Vaginal adenosis[75][76]
  • Intermenstrual bleeding
  • Postmenopausal bleeding
 +/- +/- +/- - - - Palpable cysts,nodularity or ulcers - - - - N/A N/A N/A Columnar cells in the ectocervix Biopsy with histopathological examination

Differentiating [Disease name] from other Diseases

[Disease name] must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [clinical feature 1], [clinical feature 2], and [clinical feature 3], such as [differential dx1], [differential dx2], and [differential dx3].

OR

[Disease name] must be differentiated from [differential dx1], [differential dx2], and [differential dx3].

OR

As [disease name] manifests in a variety of clinical forms, differentiation must be established in accordance with the particular subtype. [Subtype name 1] must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [clinical feature 1], such as [differential dx1] and [differential dx2]. In contrast, [subtype name 2] must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [clinical feature 2], such as [differential dx3] and [differential dx4].

Differentiating [disease name] from other diseases on the basis of [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3]

On the basis [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3], [disease name] must be differentiated from [disease 1], [disease 2], [disease 3], [disease 4], [disease 5], and [disease 6].

Diseases Clinical manifestations Diagnosis Gold standard Additional findings Others
Symptoms Physical examination
Lab Findings Imaging
Abdominal pain Bowel habits Blood in stool Weight loss General appearance Abdominal exam Rectal exam Genitourinary exam CBC Tumor markers Stool test Colonoscopy Barium enema Ultrasound CT scan
Rectal carcinoma[77][78][79][80][81] LLQ Constipation/diarrhea + + NL Anemia FOBT+ mass/polyp Apple core apearance Endoscopic/trnasrectal US detects tumor extent Determine tumor stage colonoscopy with biopsy DRE & proctoscopy detects tumor localization & extension
Rectal polyp[82][83][84] + Mucous diarrhea + + NL NL rectal mass/polyp NL NL/anemia NL FOBT+ Polyp N/A Polyp N/A colonoscopy with biopsy N/A
Anal cancer[85][86][87][88] +/- constipation/diarrhea + +/- NL NL lump/mass at anal opening NL NL/anemia N/A FOBT+ N/A N/A Determines anal cancer depth into sphincter Hypoattenuated necrotic mass on contrast CT Biopsy PET/CT detects localization of small anal tumors <2cm Sentinal lymph node biopsy detects lymph node metastases
Hemorrhoids[89][90][91][92] +/- fecal incontinence/mucous discharge + - NL/weakness,irritability NL NL iron deficiency anemia N/A blood on stool outer surface Done if colorectal cancer suspected N/A N/A N/A DRE + anoscopy anoscopy shows bulging purplish hue veins or dark, pink, glistening mass None
Rectal prolapse[93][94][95][96] Abdominal discomfort constipation/diarrhea +/- - NL NL Intermittent rectum protrusion seen NL NL/anemia N/A Mucous/blood in stool May be used for screening N/A Reveals asymmetry & any sphincter defect N/A History & physical examination DRE shows patulous anus, attenuated sphincter tone & mass Anal manometry to assess sphincter function
Foreign body[97][98][99][100] Anorectal pain and abdominal pain Constipation + - NL NL FOBT+ Foreign body Contraindicated Foreign body Foreign body Plain radiographs show presence of foreign body NL NL
Diseases Abdominal pain Bowel habits Blood in stool Weight loss General appearance Abdominal exam Rectal exam Genitourinary exam CBC Tumor markers Stool test Colonoscopy Barium enema Ultrasound CT scan Gold standard Additional findings Others
Prostatitis[101][102][103][104] LLQ/groin pain NL N/A - NL NL NL Tender/enlarged prostate leukocytosis NL/↑ PSA N/A N/A N/A
  • Focal hypoechoic regoin in peripheral prostate
  • Fluid collection suggests abscess
 Edematous/enlarged prostate N/A prostate biopsy & thermograms may also be done ↑ CRP
Fecal impaction[105][106][107][108] + constipation - +/- DRE shows fecal impaction NL Mild leukocytosis N/A N/A N/A Used in softening of stool & stimulation of evacuation N/A Presence of fecal matter in colon DRE to detect fecal impaction Abdominal radiograph to detect fecal loading
Anal stenosis[109][110][111] + constipation + +/- NL NL Visual inspection shows stenosis NL NL N/A NL Contraindicated N/A N/A N/A Visual inspection with DRE Incomplete evacuation None
Hypertrophied anal papillae[112][113][114][115] - NL +/- - NL NL Firm & palpable papillae on digital examination NL NL N/A Mixed with blood N/A Smooth polyp located inside anal verge N/A N/A Visual inspection with digital examination Associated with anal fissure & anal skin tag None
Endometriosis[116][117][118] +/- Constipation - - Fatigue Mild tenderness Nodules in posterior fornix Tenderness on vaginal exam Anemia - - N/A N/A Lesions can be detected on usg Not required N/A N/A N/A
Uterine malignancy[119][120][121] - NL - + Pallor NL Pelvic mass Vaginal bleeding Anemia Hcg - N/A N/A Increased thickness of uterine wall >4mm N/A Endometrial biopsy N/A N/A
Diseases Abdominal pain Bowel habits Blood in stool Weight loss General appearance Abdominal exam Rectal exam Genitourinary exam CBC Tumor markers Stool test Colonoscopy Barium enema Ultrasound CT scan Gold standard Additional findings Others
Cervical malignancy[122] - Normal - + Pallor

Fatigue

NL Pelvic mass Anemia N/A FOBT - N/A N/A Cervical thickening Detects metastasis Cone biopsy N/A N/A
Pelvic abscess[123][124] + Nil - +/- Fluctuating mass Vaginal discharge in females leucocytosis - FOBT - N/A N/A Location and consistency of abscess Location and consistency of abscess N/A N/A N/A
Pelvic sarcoma[125][126][127] + NL/constipation +/- +/- NL/cachetic with fever presence of mass NL N/A Lleukocytosis NL N/A N/A N/A Well circusmscribed, multinodular/infiltrating mass of soft tissue attenuation CT/MRI/Biopsy PET with FDG used for staging None

References

  1. ↑ Hippisley-Cox J, Coupland C (January 2013). "Symptoms and risk factors to identify women with suspected cancer in primary care: derivation and validation of an algorithm". Br J Gen Pract. 63 (606): e11–21. doi:10.3399/bjgp13X660733. PMC 3529288. PMID 23336450.
  2. ↑ Dunyo, Priscilla; Effah, Kofi; Udofia, Emilia Asuquo (2018). "Factors associated with late presentation of cervical cancer cases at a district hospital: a retrospective study". BMC Public Health. 18 (1). doi:10.1186/s12889-018-6065-6. ISSN 1471-2458.
  3. ↑ Khalife D, El Housheimi A, Khalil A, Saba C S, Seoud M, Rammal R, Abdallah IE, Abdallah R (February 2019). "Treatment of cervical cancer metastatic to the abdominal wall with reconstruction using a composite myocutaneous flap: A case report". Gynecol Oncol Rep. 27: 38–41. doi:10.1016/j.gore.2018.12.006. PMC 6302027. PMID 30603660. Vancouver style error: name (help)
  4. ↑ . doi:10.1097/PAS.0000000000000498. Check |doi= value (help). Missing or empty |title= (help)
  5. ↑ Brenner PF (September 1996). "Differential diagnosis of abnormal uterine bleeding". Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 175 (3 Pt 2): 766–9. PMID 8828559.
  6. ↑ Alcázar, Juan Luis; Arribas, Sara; Mínguez, José Angel; Jurado, Matías (2014). "The Role of Ultrasound in the Assessment of Uterine Cervical Cancer". The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology of India. 64 (5): 311–316. doi:10.1007/s13224-014-0622-4. ISSN 0971-9202.
  7. ↑ Qing L, Xiang T, Guofu Z, Weiwei F (September 2014). "Leukemoid reaction in cervical cancer: a case report and review of the literature". BMC Cancer. 14: 670. doi:10.1186/1471-2407-14-670. PMC 4174654. PMID 25223869.
  8. ↑ Qing L, Xiang T, Guofu Z, Weiwei F (September 2014). "Leukemoid reaction in cervical cancer: a case report and review of the literature". BMC Cancer. 14: 670. doi:10.1186/1471-2407-14-670. PMC 4174654. PMID 25223869.
  9. ↑ Mitchell H (May 2004). "Vaginal discharge--causes, diagnosis, and treatment". BMJ. 328 (7451): 1306–8. doi:10.1136/bmj.328.7451.1306. PMC 420177. PMID 15166070.
  10. ↑ Al-Habib A, Elgamal EA, Aldhahri S, Alokaili R, AlShamrani R, Abobotain A, AlRaddadi K, Alkhalidi H (November 2016). "Large primary leiomyoma causing progressive cervical deformity". J Surg Case Rep. 2016 (11). doi:10.1093/jscr/rjw190. PMC 5159177. PMID 27887011.
  11. ↑ Adaikkalam J (April 2016). "Lipoleiomyoma of Cervix". J Clin Diagn Res. 10 (4): EJ01–2. doi:10.7860/JCDR/2016/16505.7531. PMID 27190823.
  12. ↑ Houser, L. Murray; Carrasco, C. H.; Sheehan, C. R. (1979). "Lipomatous tumour of the uterus: radiographic and ultrasonic appearance". The British Journal of Radiology. 52 (624): 992–993. doi:10.1259/0007-1285-52-624-992. ISSN 0007-1285.
  13. ↑ Keriakos, Remon; Maher, Mark (2013). "Management of Cervical Fibroid during the Reproductive Period". Case Reports in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2013: 1–3. doi:10.1155/2013/984030. ISSN 2090-6684.
  14. ↑ Coronado GD, Marshall LM, Schwartz SM (May 2000). "Complications in pregnancy, labor, and delivery with uterine leiomyomas: a population-based study". Obstet Gynecol. 95 (5): 764–9. PMID 10775744.
  15. ↑ Kamra, Hemlata T (2013). "Myxoid Leiomyoma of Cervix". JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH. doi:10.7860/JCDR/2013/6171.3805. ISSN 2249-782X.
  16. ↑ El-agwany, Ahmed Samy (2015). "Lipoleiomyoma of the uterine cervix: An unusual variant of uterine leiomyoma". The Egyptian Journal of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine. 46 (1): 211–213. doi:10.1016/j.ejrnm.2014.10.001. ISSN 0378-603X.
  17. ↑ Chaparala RP, Fawole AS, Ambrose NS, Chapman AH (March 2004). "Large bowel obstruction due to a benign uterine leiomyoma". Gut. 53 (3): 386, 430. PMC 1773948. PMID 14960521.
  18. ↑ Grace A, O'Connell N, Byrne P, Prendiville W, O'Donnell R, Royston D, Walsh CB, Leader M, Kay E (1999). "Malignant lymphoma of the cervix. An unusual presentation and a rare disease". Eur. J. Gynaecol. Oncol. 20 (1): 26–8. PMID 10422676.
  19. ↑ Kanaan, Daniel; Parente, Daniella Braz; Constantino, Carolina Pesce Lamas; Souza, Rodrigo Canellas de (2012). "Linfoma de colo de útero: achados na ressonância magnética". Radiologia Brasileira. 45 (3): 167–169. doi:10.1590/S0100-39842012000300009. ISSN 0100-3984.
  20. ↑ Frey NV, Svoboda J, Andreadis C, Tsai DE, Schuster SJ, Elstrom R, Rubin SC, Nasta SD (September 2006). "Primary lymphomas of the cervix and uterus: the University of Pennsylvania's experience and a review of the literature". Leuk. Lymphoma. 47 (9): 1894–901. doi:10.1080/10428190600687653. PMID 17065003.
  21. ↑ Wright JD, Rosenblum K, Huettner PC, Mutch DG, Rader JS, Powell MA, Gibb RK (November 2005). "Cervical sarcomas: an analysis of incidence and outcome". Gynecol. Oncol. 99 (2): 348–51. doi:10.1016/j.ygyno.2005.06.021. PMID 16051326.
  22. ↑ Miccò M, Sala E, Lakhman Y, Hricak H, Vargas HA (December 2015). "Imaging Features of Uncommon Gynecologic Cancers". AJR Am J Roentgenol. 205 (6): 1346–59. doi:10.2214/AJR.14.12695. PMC 5502476. PMID 26587944.
  23. ↑ Mitchell L, King M, Brillhart H, Goldstein A (September 2017). "Cervical Ectropion May Be a Cause of Desquamative Inflammatory Vaginitis". Sex Med. 5 (3): e212–e214. doi:10.1016/j.esxm.2017.03.001. PMC 5562466. PMID 28460993.
  24. ↑ Mitchell H (May 2004). "Vaginal discharge--causes, diagnosis, and treatment". BMJ. 328 (7451): 1306–8. doi:10.1136/bmj.328.7451.1306. PMC 420177. PMID 15166070.
  25. ↑ Sharma, Abhishek; Ojha, Ranapratap; Sengupta, Parama; Chattopadhyay, Sarbani; Mondal, Soumit (2013). "Cervical intramural pregnancy: Report of a rare case". Nigerian Medical Journal. 54 (4): 271. doi:10.4103/0300-1652.119670. ISSN 0300-1652.
  26. ↑ . doi:10.12865/CHSJ.42.02.11. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  27. ↑ Casey PM, Long ME, Marnach ML (February 2011). "Abnormal cervical appearance: what to do, when to worry?". Mayo Clin. Proc. 86 (2): 147–50, quiz 151. doi:10.4065/mcp.2010.0512. PMC 3031439. PMID 21270291.
  28. ↑ Mattson SK, Polk JP, Nyirjesy P (July 2016). "Chronic Cervicitis: Presenting Features and Response to Therapy". J Low Genit Tract Dis. 20 (3): e30–3. doi:10.1097/LGT.0000000000000225. PMID 27243142.
  29. ↑ Rosenfeld WD, Clark J (June 1989). "Vulvovaginitis and cervicitis". Pediatr. Clin. North Am. 36 (3): 489–511. PMID 2660084.
  30. ↑ Meyer T (August 2016). "Diagnostic Procedures to Detect Chlamydia trachomatis Infections". Microorganisms. 4 (3). doi:10.3390/microorganisms4030025. PMID 27681919.
  31. ↑ Woods, Jennifer L.; Bailey, Sarabeth L.; Hensel, Devon J.; Scurlock, Amy M. (2011). "Cervicitis in Adolescents: Do Clinicians Understand Diagnosis and Treatment?". Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology. 24 (6): 359–364. doi:10.1016/j.jpag.2011.06.006. ISSN 1083-3188.
  32. ↑ Trobough GE (March 1978). "Pelvic pain and the IUD". J Reprod Med. 20 (3): 167–74. PMID 347074.
  33. ↑ D. Reinprayoon, S. Taneepanichskul, S. Niruthisard & S. Suwajanakon (1999). "Uterine histopathologic changes after Cu-Fix intrauterine device insertion". Contraception. 59 (1): 63–65. PMID 10342087. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  34. ↑ Seyma Fadiloglu, B. Dilbaz, E. Fadiloglu & S. Dilbaz (2018). "Relationship between copper IUD complications and ultrasonographic findings". Archives of gynecology and obstetrics. 297 (4): 989–996. doi:10.1007/s00404-018-4711-y. PMID 29428979. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  35. ↑ Hoenderboom BM, van Benthem B, van Bergen J, Dukers-Muijrers N, Götz HM, Hoebe C, Hogewoning AA, Land JA, van der Sande M, Morré SA, van den Broek I (January 2019). "Relation between Chlamydia trachomatis infection and pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancy and tubal factor infertility in a Dutch cohort of women previously tested for chlamydia in a chlamydia screening trial". Sex Transm Infect. doi:10.1136/sextrans-2018-053778. PMID 30606817. Vancouver style error: initials (help)
  36. ↑ Jaiyeoba O, Soper DE (2011). "A practical approach to the diagnosis of pelvic inflammatory disease". Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol. 2011: 753037. doi:10.1155/2011/753037. PMC 3148590. PMID 21822367.
  37. ↑ Hsu AL, Khachikyan I, Stratton P (June 2010). "Invasive and noninvasive methods for the diagnosis of endometriosis". Clin Obstet Gynecol. 53 (2): 413–9. doi:10.1097/GRF.0b013e3181db7ce8. PMC 2880548. PMID 20436318.
  38. ↑ Chamié, Luciana Pardini; Blasbalg, Roberto; Pereira, Ricardo Mendes Alves; Warmbrand, Gisele; Serafini, Paulo Cesar (2011). "Findings of Pelvic Endometriosis at Transvaginal US, MR Imaging, and Laparoscopy". RadioGraphics. 31 (4): E77–E100. doi:10.1148/rg.314105193. ISSN 0271-5333.
  39. ↑ Datta S, Kunde K (July 2008). "From vaginal discharge to endometriosis: an unusual case of endometriosis in pregnancy". J Obstet Gynaecol. 28 (5): 552–3. doi:10.1080/01443610802247352. PMID 18850447.
  40. ↑ Chamié, Luciana Pardini; Blasbalg, Roberto; Pereira, Ricardo Mendes Alves; Warmbrand, Gisele; Serafini, Paulo Cesar (2011). "Findings of Pelvic Endometriosis at Transvaginal US, MR Imaging, and Laparoscopy". RadioGraphics. 31 (4): E77–E100. doi:10.1148/rg.314105193. ISSN 0271-5333.
  41. ↑ Bedaiwy MA, Falcone T (February 2004). "Laboratory testing for endometriosis". Clin. Chim. Acta. 340 (1–2): 41–56. PMID 14734195.
  42. ↑ Van Holsbeke C, Van Calster B, Guerriero S, Savelli L, Paladini D, Lissoni AA, Czekierdowski A, Fischerova D, Zhang J, Mestdagh G, Testa AC, Bourne T, Valentin L, Timmerman D (June 2010). "Endometriomas: their ultrasound characteristics". Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 35 (6): 730–40. doi:10.1002/uog.7668. PMID 20503240.
  43. ↑ Filip G, Balzano A, Cagnacci A (November 2018). "Histological evaluation of the prevalence of adenomyosis, myomas and of their concomitance". Minerva Ginecol. doi:10.23736/S0026-4784.18.04291-0. PMID 30486633.
  44. ↑ Fujino T, Watanabe T, Shinmura R, Hahn L, Nagata Y, Hasui K (December 1992). "Acute abdomen due to adenomyosis of the uterus: a case report". Asia Oceania J Obstet Gynaecol. 18 (4): 333–7. PMID 1492806.
  45. ↑ Fujino T, Watanabe T, Shinmura R, Hahn L, Nagata Y, Hasui K (December 1992). "Acute abdomen due to adenomyosis of the uterus: a case report". Asia Oceania J Obstet Gynaecol. 18 (4): 333–7. PMID 1492806.
  46. ↑ Zhou Y, Wu B, Li H (October 1996). "[The value of serum CA125 assays in the diagnosis of uterine adenomyosis]". Zhonghua Fu Chan Ke Za Zhi (in Chinese). 31 (10): 590–3. PMID 9275451.
  47. ↑ Mouhajer M, Obed S, Okpala AM (June 2017). "Cervical Ectopic Pregnancy in Resource Deprived Areas: A Rare and Difficult Diagnosis". Ghana Med J. 51 (2): 94–97. PMC 5611908. PMID 28955106.
  48. ↑ Tantitamit T, Hamontri S, Rangsiratanakul L (May 2017). "Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the cervix in second generation young women who are without maternal exposure to diethylstilbestrol: A case report". Gynecol Oncol Rep. 20: 34–36. doi:10.1016/j.gore.2017.02.008. PMC 5328756. PMID 28275694.
  49. ↑ van der Linden, M.; Meeuwis, K.A.P.; Bulten, J.; Bosse, T.; van Poelgeest, M.I.E.; de Hullu, J.A. (2016). "Paget disease of the vulva". Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology. 101: 60–74. doi:10.1016/j.critrevonc.2016.03.008. ISSN 1040-8428.
  50. ↑ Lloyd J, Evans DJ, Flanagan AM (July 1999). "Extension of extramammary Paget disease of the vulva to the cervix". J. Clin. Pathol. 52 (7): 538–40. PMC 501500. PMID 10605411.
  51. ↑ Shaco-Levy R, Bean SM, Vollmer RT, Papalas JA, Bentley RC, Selim MA, Robboy SJ (January 2010). "Paget disease of the vulva: a histologic study of 56 cases correlating pathologic features and disease course". Int. J. Gynecol. Pathol. 29 (1): 69–78. doi:10.1097/PGP.0b013e3181b1cc5e. PMID 19952933.
  52. ↑ Tarney CM, Han J (2014). "Postcoital bleeding: a review on etiology, diagnosis, and management". Obstet Gynecol Int. 2014: 192087. doi:10.1155/2014/192087. PMC 4086375. PMID 25045355.
  53. ↑ Casey PM, Long ME, Marnach ML (February 2011). "Abnormal cervical appearance: what to do, when to worry?". Mayo Clin. Proc. 86 (2): 147–50, quiz 151. doi:10.4065/mcp.2010.0512. PMC 3031439. PMID 21270291.
  54. ↑ Bin Park, Sung; Lee, Jong Hwa; Lee, Young Ho; Song, Mi Jin; Choi, Hye Jeong (2010). "Multilocular Cystic Lesions in the Uterine Cervix: Broad Spectrum of Imaging Features and Pathologic Correlation". American Journal of Roentgenology. 195 (2): 517–523. doi:10.2214/AJR.09.3619. ISSN 0361-803X.
  55. ↑ Okamoto, Yoshikazu; Tanaka, Yumiko O.; Nishida, Masato; Tsunoda, Hajime; Yoshikawa, Hiroyuki; Itai, Yuji (2003). "MR Imaging of the Uterine Cervix: Imaging-Pathologic Correlation". RadioGraphics. 23 (2): 425–445. doi:10.1148/rg.232025065. ISSN 0271-5333.
  56. ↑ Chiara Molinari, Federica Matteucci, Paola Caroli & Alessandro Passardi (2015). "Biomarkers and Molecular Imaging as Predictors of Response to Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy in Patients With Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer". Clinical colorectal cancer. 14 (4): 227–238. doi:10.1016/j.clcc.2015.05.014. PMID 26170142. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  57. ↑ William Hamilton & Deborah Sharp (2004). "Diagnosis of colorectal cancer in primary care: the evidence base for guidelines". Family practice. 21 (1): 99–106. PMID 14760054. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  58. ↑ Wolfgang B. Gaertner, Mary R. Kwaan, Robert D. Madoff & Genevieve B. Melton (2015). "Rectal cancer: An evidence-based update for primary care providers". World journal of gastroenterology. 21 (25): 7659–7671. doi:10.3748/wjg.v21.i25.7659. PMID 26167068. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  59. ↑ V. Raman Muthusamy & Kenneth J. Chang (2007). "Optimal methods for staging rectal cancer". Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. 13 (22 Pt 2): 6877s–6884s. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-07-1137. PMID 18006793. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  60. ↑ Mohammad Sadegh Fazeli & Mohammad Reza Keramati (2015). "Rectal cancer: a review". Medical journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran. 29: 171. PMID 26034724.
  61. ↑ Jacques Donnez & Marie-Madeleine Dolmans (2016). "Uterine fibroid management: from the present to the future". Human reproduction update. 22 (6): 665–686. doi:10.1093/humupd/dmw023. PMID 27466209. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  62. ↑ Mohamed Sabry & Ayman Al-Hendy (2012). "Medical treatment of uterine leiomyoma". Reproductive sciences (Thousand Oaks, Calif.). 19 (4): 339–353. doi:10.1177/1933719111432867. PMID 22378865. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  63. ↑ Sahana Gupta, Jude Jose & Isaac Manyonda (2008). "Clinical presentation of fibroids". Best practice & research. Clinical obstetrics & gynaecology. 22 (4): 615–626. doi:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2008.01.008. PMID 18372219. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  64. ↑ "ACOG practice bulletin, clinical management guidelines for obstetrician-gynecologists, number 65, August 2005: management of endometrial cancer". Obstet Gynecol. 106 (2): 413–25. August 2005. PMID 16055605.
  65. ↑ Boruta DM, Gehrig PA, Fader AN, Olawaiye AB (October 2009). "Management of women with uterine papillary serous cancer: a Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) review". Gynecol. Oncol. 115 (1): 142–153. doi:10.1016/j.ygyno.2009.06.011. PMID 19592079.
  66. ↑ Bokhman JV (February 1983). "Two pathogenetic types of endometrial carcinoma". Gynecol. Oncol. 15 (1): 10–7. PMID 6822361.
  67. ↑ Felix AS, Weissfeld JL, Stone RA, Bowser R, Chivukula M, Edwards RP, Linkov F (November 2010). "Factors associated with Type I and Type II endometrial cancer". Cancer Causes Control. 21 (11): 1851–6. doi:10.1007/s10552-010-9612-8. PMC 2962676. PMID 20628804.
  68. ↑ Vera Silva, Paulo Correia, Nuno Oliveira & Luis Sa (2015). "Primary Vaginal Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma: Report of a Rare Clinical Entity". Clinics and practice. 5 (4): 821. doi:10.4081/cp.2015.821. PMID 26918105. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  69. ↑ Feng Wang, Xuquan Jing, Bo Liu, Xue Meng, Xindong Sun, Yongsheng Gao, Linlin Wang & Zheng Fu (2018). "Primary non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the vagina: A case report". Oncology letters. 15 (3): 3504–3507. doi:10.3892/ol.2018.7805. PMID 29556272. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  70. ↑ Salvatore Guastafierro, Amando Tedeschi, Clelia Criscuolo, Maria Celentano, Luigi Cobellis, Raffaele Rossiello & Umberto Falcone (2012). "Primary extranodal non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the vagina: a case report and a review of the literature". Acta haematologica. 128 (1): 33–38. doi:10.1159/000337336. PMID 22584110.
  71. ↑ A. I. al-Nafussi, G. Rebello, D. Hughes & K. Blessing (1992). "Benign vaginal polyp: a histological, histochemical and immunohistochemical study of 20 polyps with comparison to normal vaginal subepithelial layer". Histopathology. 20 (2): 145–150. PMID 1302457. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  72. ↑ Sunil Kumar Samal, Setu Rathod & Seetesh Ghose (2015). "Fibroepithelial Polyps of the Vagina in Pregnancy". Journal of clinical and diagnostic research : JCDR. 9 (10): QJ01–QJ02. doi:10.7860/JCDR/2015/13329.6656. PMID 26557576. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  73. ↑ M. Petrova, J. Laco, K. Cervicek & M. Tomsova (2015). "[Tubulo-squamous polyp of the vagina]". Ceska gynekologie. 80 (3): 173–175. PMID 26087210. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  74. ↑ Alexis Heller, Adanna Ukazu & Qing Wang (2017). "Pseudosarcomatous Vaginal Polyp". International journal of surgical pathology. 25 (1): 54–55. doi:10.1177/1066896916666676. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  75. ↑ Marguerite B. Vigliani (2017). "A Report of Two Cases of Age-Related Changes in Cervical Morphology in Postmenopausal Women with Vaginal Adenosis". Case reports in obstetrics and gynecology. 2017: 9523853. doi:10.1155/2017/9523853. PMID 28316850.
  76. ↑ Tiantian Han, Ying Jin, Yan Li, Yalan Bi & Lingya Pan (2018). "Clinicopathologic features and outcomes of primary vaginal adenosis as a dermatologic and gynecologic burden: A retrospective study". Medicine. 97 (49): e13470. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000013470. PMID 30544435. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  77. ↑ Chiara Molinari, Federica Matteucci, Paola Caroli & Alessandro Passardi (2015). "Biomarkers and Molecular Imaging as Predictors of Response to Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy in Patients With Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer". Clinical colorectal cancer. 14 (4): 227–238. doi:10.1016/j.clcc.2015.05.014. PMID 26170142. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  78. ↑ William Hamilton & Deborah Sharp (2004). "Diagnosis of colorectal cancer in primary care: the evidence base for guidelines". Family practice. 21 (1): 99–106. PMID 14760054. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  79. ↑ Wolfgang B. Gaertner, Mary R. Kwaan, Robert D. Madoff & Genevieve B. Melton (2015). "Rectal cancer: An evidence-based update for primary care providers". World journal of gastroenterology. 21 (25): 7659–7671. doi:10.3748/wjg.v21.i25.7659. PMID 26167068. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  80. ↑ V. Raman Muthusamy & Kenneth J. Chang (2007). "Optimal methods for staging rectal cancer". Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. 13 (22 Pt 2): 6877s–6884s. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-07-1137. PMID 18006793. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  81. ↑ Mohammad Sadegh Fazeli & Mohammad Reza Keramati (2015). "Rectal cancer: a review". Medical journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran. 29: 171. PMID 26034724.
  82. ↑ N. Oshitani, Y. Moriyama, T. Matsumoto, K. Kobayashi & A. Kitano (1995). "Protein-losing enteropathy from cap polyposis". Lancet (London, England). 346 (8989): 1567. PMID 7491082. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  83. ↑ Ioannis Papaconstantinou, Andreas Karakatsanis, Xanthi Benia, George Polymeneas & Evanthia Kostopoulou (2012). "Solitary rectal cap polyp: Case report and review of the literature". World journal of gastrointestinal surgery. 4 (6): 157–162. doi:10.4240/wjgs.v4.i6.157. PMID 22816031. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  84. ↑ Kheng-Hong Ng, Pawan Mathur, M. Priyanthi Kumarasinghe, Kong-Weng Eu & Francis Seow-Choen (2004). "Cap polyposis: further experience and review". Diseases of the colon and rectum. 47 (7): 1208–1215. doi:10.1007/s10350-004-0561-8. PMID 15164251. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  85. ↑ Thomas G. Trautmann & James H. Zuger (2005). "Positron Emission Tomography for pretreatment staging and posttreatment evaluation in cancer of the anal canal". Molecular imaging and biology : MIB : the official publication of the Academy of Molecular Imaging. 7 (4): 309–313. doi:10.1007/s11307-005-0003-6. PMID 16028002. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  86. ↑ D. R. Radin (1994). "Squamous cell carcinoma of the anus and rectum in homosexual men: CT findings". Journal of computer assisted tomography. 18 (6): 921–924. PMID 7962800. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  87. ↑ S. D. Otto, L. Lee, H. J. Buhr, B. Frericks, S. Hocht & A. J. Kroesen (2009). "Staging anal cancer: prospective comparison of transanal endoscopic ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging". Journal of gastrointestinal surgery : official journal of the Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract. 13 (7): 1292–1298. doi:10.1007/s11605-009-0870-2. PMID 19365694. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  88. ↑ Sajad Ahmad Salati & Azzam Al Kadi (2012). "Anal cancer - a review". International journal of health sciences. 6 (2): 206–230. PMID 23580899. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  89. ↑ Varut Lohsiriwat (2012). "Hemorrhoids: from basic pathophysiology to clinical management". World journal of gastroenterology. 18 (17): 2009–2017. doi:10.3748/wjg.v18.i17.2009. PMID 22563187. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  90. ↑ Danny Jacobs (2014). "Clinical practice. Hemorrhoids". The New England journal of medicine. 371 (10): 944–951. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp1204188. PMID 25184866. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  91. ↑ Varut Lohsiriwat (2013). "Approach to hemorrhoids". Current gastroenterology reports. 15 (7): 332. doi:10.1007/s11894-013-0332-6. PMID 23715885. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  92. ↑ Varut Lohsiriwat (2015). "Treatment of hemorrhoids: A coloproctologist's view". World journal of gastroenterology. 21 (31): 9245–9252. doi:10.3748/wjg.v21.i31.9245. PMID 26309351. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  93. ↑ Julia Segal & Melissa M.. Tavarez (2018). "Rectal Prolapse". PMID 30335341. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  94. ↑ Bordeianou L, Hicks CW, Kaiser AM, Alavi K, Sudan R, Wise PE (2014). "Rectal prolapse: an overview of clinical features, diagnosis, and patient-specific management strategies". J. Gastrointest. Surg. 18 (5): 1059–69. doi:10.1007/s11605-013-2427-7. PMID 24352613.
  95. ↑ Bordeianou L, Paquette I, Johnson E, Holubar SD, Gaertner W, Feingold DL, Steele SR (2017). "Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Treatment of Rectal Prolapse". Dis. Colon Rectum. 60 (11): 1121–1131. doi:10.1097/DCR.0000000000000889. PMID 28991074.
  96. ↑ K. M. Hiltunen, M. Matikainen, O. Auvinen & P. Hietanen (1986). "Clinical and manometric evaluation of anal sphincter function in patients with rectal prolapse". American journal of surgery. 151 (4): 489–492. PMID 3963307. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  97. ↑ Ooi BS, Ho YH, Eu KW, Nyam D, Leong A, Seow-Choen F (December 1998). "Management of anorectal foreign bodies: a cause of obscure anal pain". Aust N Z J Surg. 68 (12): 852–5. PMID 9885867.
  98. ↑ Lake JP, Essani R, Petrone P, Kaiser AM, Asensio J, Beart RW (October 2004). "Management of retained colorectal foreign bodies: predictors of operative intervention". Dis. Colon Rectum. 47 (10): 1694–8. PMID 15540301.
  99. ↑ Stack LB, Munter DW (August 1996). "Foreign bodies in the gastrointestinal tract". Emerg. Med. Clin. North Am. 14 (3): 493–521. PMID 8681881.
  100. ↑ Goldberg JE, Steele SR (February 2010). "Rectal foreign bodies". Surg. Clin. North Am. 90 (1): 173–84, Table of Contents. doi:10.1016/j.suc.2009.10.004. PMID 20109641.
  101. ↑ Prostatitis: Inflammation of the Prostate. NIDDK 2016. http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/urologic-disease/prostate-problems/Pages/facts.aspx. Accessed on February 25, 2016
  102. ↑ Sharp VJ, Takacs EB, Powell CR (2010). "Prostatitis: diagnosis and treatment". Am Fam Physician. 82 (4): 397–406. PMID 20704171.
  103. ↑ Lipsky BA, Byren I, Hoey CT (2010). "Treatment of bacterial prostatitis". Clin Infect Dis. 50 (12): 1641–52. doi:10.1086/652861. PMID 20459324.
  104. ↑ Mark S. Litwin & Hung-Jui Tan (2017). "The Diagnosis and Treatment of Prostate Cancer: A Review". JAMA. 317 (24): 2532–2542. doi:10.1001/jama.2017.7248. PMID 28655021. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  105. ↑ Izi Obokhare (2012). "Fecal impaction: a cause for concern?". Clinics in colon and rectal surgery. 25 (1): 53–58. doi:10.1055/s-0032-1301760. PMID 23449376. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  106. ↑ N. Gurll & M. Steer (1975). "Diagnostic and therapeutic considerations for fecal impaction". Diseases of the colon and rectum. 18 (6): 507–511. PMID 1081034. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  107. ↑ Zilla H. Hussain, Diana A. Whitehead & Brian E. Lacy (2014). "Fecal impaction". Current gastroenterology reports. 16 (9): 404. doi:10.1007/s11894-014-0404-2. PMID 25119877. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  108. ↑ Farshid Araghizadeh (2005). "Fecal impaction". Clinics in colon and rectal surgery. 18 (2): 116–119. doi:10.1055/s-2005-870893. PMID 20011351. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  109. ↑ Mukta V. Katdare & Rocco Ricciardi (2010). "Anal stenosis". The Surgical clinics of North America. 90 (1): 137–145. doi:10.1016/j.suc.2009.10.002. PMID 20109638. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  110. ↑ Giuseppe Brisinda, Serafino Vanella, Federica Cadeddu, Gaia Marniga, Pasquale Mazzeo, Francesco Brandara & Giorgio Maria (2009). "Surgical treatment of anal stenosis". World journal of gastroenterology. 15 (16): 1921–1928. PMID 19399922. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  111. ↑ I. T. Khubchandani (1994). "Anal stenosis". The Surgical clinics of North America. 74 (6): 1353–1360. PMID 7985070. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  112. ↑ M. Miyazaki, M. Endoh, T. Suga, N. Yano, T. Kuramoto, Y. Matsumoto, K. Eguchi, M. Yagame, M. Miura & Y. Nomoto (1990). "Rheumatoid factors and glomerulonephritis". Clinical and experimental immunology. 81 (2): 250–255. PMID 2201469. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  113. ↑ J. P. Heiken, G. R. Zuckerman & D. M. Balfe (1984). "The hypertrophied anal papilla: recognition on air-contrast barium enema examinations". Radiology. 151 (2): 315–318. doi:10.1148/radiology.151.2.6709897. PMID 6709897. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  114. ↑ Pravin-J. Gupta (2004). "Hypertrophied anal papillae and fibrous anal polyps, should they be removed during anal fissure surgery?". World journal of gastroenterology. 10 (16): 2412–2414. PMID 15285031. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  115. ↑ M. Kusunoki, T. Horai, Y. Sakanoue, H. Yanagi, T. Yamamura & J. Utsunomiya (1991). "Giant hypertrophied anal papilla. Case report". The European journal of surgery = Acta chirurgica. 157 (8): 491–492. PMID 1681940. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  116. ↑ Vercellini P, Fedele L, Aimi G, Pietropaolo G, Consonni D, Crosignani PG (January 2007). "Association between endometriosis stage, lesion type, patient characteristics and severity of pelvic pain symptoms: a multivariate analysis of over 1000 patients". Hum. Reprod. 22 (1): 266–71. doi:10.1093/humrep/del339. PMID 16936305.
  117. ↑ Hickey M, Ballard K, Farquhar C (March 2014). "Endometriosis". BMJ. 348: g1752. doi:10.1136/bmj.g1752. PMID 24647161.
  118. ↑ Woodward PJ, Sohaey R, Mezzetti TP (2001). "Endometriosis: radiologic-pathologic correlation". Radiographics. 21 (1): 193–216, questionnaire 288–94. doi:10.1148/radiographics.21.1.g01ja14193. PMID 11158655.
  119. ↑ Ronghe R, Gaudoin M (March 2010). "Women with recurrent postmenopausal bleeding should be re-investigated but are not more likely to have endometrial cancer". Menopause Int. 16 (1): 9–11. doi:10.1258/mi.2010.010008. PMID 20424280.
  120. ↑ Twu NF, Chen SS (August 2000). "Five-year follow-up of patients with recurrent postmenopausal bleeding". Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi (Taipei). 63 (8): 628–33. PMID 10969449.
  121. ↑ Reed SD, Newton KM, Clinton WL, Epplein M, Garcia R, Allison K, Voigt LF, Weiss NS (June 2009). "Incidence of endometrial hyperplasia". Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 200 (6): 678.e1–6. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2009.02.032. PMID 19393600.
  122. ↑ Schiffman M, Castle PE, Jeronimo J, Rodriguez AC, Wacholder S (September 2007). "Human papillomavirus and cervical cancer". Lancet. 370 (9590): 890–907. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61416-0. PMID 17826171.
  123. ↑ Landers DV, Sweet RL (1983). "Tubo-ovarian abscess: contemporary approach to management". Rev. Infect. Dis. 5 (5): 876–84. PMID 6635426.
  124. ↑ Benigno BB (December 1981). "Medical and surgical management of the pelvic abscess". Clin Obstet Gynecol. 24 (4): 1187–97. PMID 7333045.
  125. ↑ Claudia M. G. Keyzer-Dekker, Richard G. Houtkamp, Johannes L. Peterse & Frits Van Coevorden (2004). "Adult pelvic sarcomas: a heterogeneous collection of sarcomas?". Sarcoma. 8 (1): 19–24. doi:10.1080/13577140410001679211. PMID 18521389.
  126. ↑ Angela D. Levy, Maria A. Manning & Markku M. Miettinen (2017). "Soft-Tissue Sarcomas of the Abdomen and Pelvis: Radiologic-Pathologic Features, Part 2-Uncommon Sarcomas". Radiographics : a review publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc. 37 (3): 797–812. doi:10.1148/rg.2017160201. PMID 28493803. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  127. ↑ Angela D. Levy, Maria A. Manning, Waddah B. Al-Refaie & Markku M. Miettinen (2017). "Soft-Tissue Sarcomas of the Abdomen and Pelvis: Radiologic-Pathologic Features, Part 1-Common Sarcomas: From the Radiologic Pathology Archives". Radiographics : a review publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc. 37 (2): 462–483. doi:10.1148/rg.2017160157. PMID 28287938. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
Retrieved from "https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Sandbox:Zahir&oldid=1545820"