Aortic stenosis causes

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Mohammed A. Sbeih, M.D. [2]; Lakshmi Gopalakrishnan, M.B.B.S. [3]; Vendhan Ramanujam M.B.B.S [4]; Usama Talib, BSc, MD [5] Assistant Editor-In-Chief: Kristin Feeney, B.S. [6]

Overview

Aortic stenosis can be either congenital or acquired, and its common causes vary between different age groups and between different populations. Rheumatic heart disease remains the most common cause of aortic stenosis worldwide. Calcification of the aortic valve is the most common cause of aortic stenosis in North America and Europe. While calcification of congenital bicuspid aortic valve is the most common cause of aortic stenosis in people less than 70 years of age, acquired degenerative calcific aortic stenosis is the most common cause in older patients above the age of 70 years.

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated. Aortic stenosis is a progressive disease and does not have a life threatening cause. However, complications resulting from untreated disease name is common.

Common Causes

The Common causes of Aortic Stenosis include:

Rheumatic heart disease remains the most common cause of aortic stenosis worldwide. Calcification of the aortic valve is the most common cause of aortic stenosis in North America and Europe. [3] While calcification of congenital bicuspid aortic valve is the most common cause of aortic stenosis in people less than 70 years of age, acquired degenerative calcific aortic stenosis is the most common cause in older patients above the age of 70 years.[5][6]

Causes by Location of Stenosis

Valvular Aortic Stenosis

Subvalvular Aortic Stenosis

Supravalvular Aortic Stenosis

Causes by Age Groups

Under Age 70

Over Age 70

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular Age-induced calcification, aortic sclerosis, aortitis, bicuspid aortic valve or bicommissural aortic valve, prosthetic aortic valve, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, hypoplastic aortic annulus, hypoplastic left heart syndrome, idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis, infective endocarditis, quadricuspid aortic valve, rheumatic fever, tricuspid aortic valve with commissural fushion
Chemical / poisoning No underlying causes
Dermatologic Sweet syndrome
Drug Side Effect No underlying causes
Ear Nose Throat No underlying causes
Endocrine No underlying causes
Environmental No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic No underlying causes
Genetic Williams syndrome, 3-methylglutaconic aciduria type 4, alkaptonuria, Bardet-Biedl syndrome, chromosome 15q deletion syndromes, Fabry's disease, familial thoracic aortic aneurysm syndrome, Fryns-Van den Berghe syndrome, homozygous type II hypercholesterolemia, Loeys-Dietz syndrome, mucolipidosis III gamma, Onat syndrome, Paget's disease, Singleton-Merten syndrome, Sweet syndrome, Turner syndrome, unicommissural aortic valve or unicuspid aortic valve
Hematologic No underlying causes
Iatrogenic Prosthetic aortic valve, radiation
Infectious Disease Infective endocarditis, rheumatic fever
Musculoskeletal / Ortho Paget's disease
Neurologic No underlying causes
Nutritional / Metabolic 3-Methylglutaconic aciduria type 4, alkaptonuria, Fabry's disease, Fryns-Van den Berghe syndrome, homozygous type II hypercholesterolemia, hyperuricemia, mucolipidosis III gamma, ochronosis, Onat syndrome, Paget's disease
Obstetric/Gynecologic No underlying causes
Oncologic No underlying causes
Opthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose / Toxicity No underlying causes
Psychiatric No underlying causes
Pulmonary No underlying causes
Renal / Electrolyte No underlying causes
Rheum / Immune / Allergy Rheumatic fever, systemic lupus erythematosus
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma No underlying causes
Urologic No underlying causes
Miscellaneous No underlying causes

Causes in Alphabetical Order

References

  1. ↑ O'Brien KD (2006). "Pathogenesis of calcific aortic valve disease: a disease process comes of age (and a good deal more)". Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 26 (8): 1721–8. doi:10.1161/01.ATV.0000227513.13697.ac. PMID 16709942. Retrieved 2012-04-11. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Mordi I, Tzemos N (2012). "Bicuspid aortic valve disease: a comprehensive review". Cardiol Res Pract. 2012: 196037. doi:10.1155/2012/196037. PMC 3368178. PMID 22685681.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Lugiano, CA. (2013). "Aortic stenosis". JAAPA. 26 (11): 46–7. doi:10.1097/01.JAA.0000436518.69169.8e. PMID 24153092. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 VOC=VITIUM ORGANICUM CORDIS, a compendium of the Department of Cardiology at Uppsala Academic Hospital. By Per Kvidal September 1999, with revision by Erik Björklund May 2008
  5. ↑ Iung, B.; Baron, G.; Butchart, EG.; Delahaye, F.; Gohlke-Bärwolf, C.; Levang, OW.; Tornos, P.; Vanoverschelde, JL.; Vermeer, F. (2003). "A prospective survey of patients with valvular heart disease in Europe: The Euro Heart Survey on Valvular Heart Disease". Eur Heart J. 24 (13): 1231–43. PMID 12831818. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  6. ↑ Roberts, WC.; Ko, JM. (2005). "Frequency by decades of unicuspid, bicuspid, and tricuspid aortic valves in adults having isolated aortic valve replacement for aortic stenosis, with or without associated aortic regurgitation". Circulation. 111 (7): 920–5. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000155623.48408.C5. PMID 15710758. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Cleland JG, Swedberg K, Follath F, Komajda M, Cohen-Solal A, Aguilar JC, Dietz R, Gavazzi A, Hobbs R, Korewicki J, Madeira HC, Moiseyev VS, Preda I, van Gilst WH, Widimsky J, Freemantle N, Eastaugh J, Mason J (2003). "The EuroHeart Failure survey programme-- a survey on the quality of care among patients with heart failure in Europe. Part 1: patient characteristics and diagnosis". European Heart Journal. 24 (5): 442–63. PMID 12633546. Retrieved 2012-04-11. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  8. ↑ Hannoush H, Introne WJ, Chen MY, Lee SJ, O'Brien K, Suwannarat P; et al. (2012). "Aortic stenosis and vascular calcifications in alkaptonuria". Mol Genet Metab. 105 (2): 198–202. doi:10.1016/j.ymgme.2011.10.017. PMC 3276068. PMID 22100375.
  9. ↑ Aronow, WS. (2013). "A review of the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of aortic valve stenosis in elderly patients". Hosp Pract (1995). 41 (4): 66–77. doi:10.3810/hp.2013.10.1082. PMID 24145591. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  10. ↑ Moura LM, Maganti K, Puthumana JJ, Rocha-Gonçalves F, Rajamannan NM (2007). "New understanding about calcific aortic stenosis and opportunities for pharmacologic intervention". Curr Opin Cardiol. 22 (6): 572–7. doi:10.1097/HCO.0b013e3282f0dae6. PMID 17921746.
  11. ↑ Strickberger SA, Schulman SP, Hutchins GM. Association of Paget’s disease of bone with calcific aortic valve disease. Am J Med 1987;82:953-6.
  12. ↑ Ong DS, Aertker RA, Clark AN, Kiefer T, Hughes GC, Harrison JK; et al. (2013). "Radiation-associated valvular heart disease". J Heart Valve Dis. 22 (6): 883–92. PMID 24597417.
  13. ↑ Bert JS, Abdullah M, Dahle TG, Gertner E (2013). "Transcatheter aortic valve replacement for advanced valvular disease in active SLE and APS". Lupus. 22 (10): 1046–9. doi:10.1177/0961203313498797. PMID 23884983.
  14. ↑ Beales PL, Elcioglu N, Woolf AS, Parker D, Flinter FA (1999). "New criteria for improved diagnosis of Bardet-Biedl syndrome: results of a population survey". J Med Genet. 36 (6): 437–46. PMC 1734378. PMID 10874630.
  15. ↑ Knoll JH, Nicholls RD, Magenis RE, Graham JM, Lalande M, Latt SA (1989). "Angelman and Prader-Willi syndromes share a common chromosome 15 deletion but differ in parental origin of the deletion". Am J Med Genet. 32 (2): 285–90. doi:10.1002/ajmg.1320320235. PMID 2564739.
  16. ↑ Nakao S, Takenaka T, Maeda M, Kodama C, Tanaka A, Tahara M; et al. (1995). "An atypical variant of Fabry's disease in men with left ventricular hypertrophy". N Engl J Med. 333 (5): 288–93. doi:10.1056/NEJM199508033330504. PMID 7596372.
  17. ↑ Sprecher DL, Schaefer EJ, Kent KM, Gregg RE, Zech LA, Hoeg JM; et al. (1984). "Cardiovascular features of homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia: analysis of 16 patients". Am J Cardiol. 54 (1): 20–30. PMID 6331147.
  18. ↑ Loscalzo ML, Goh DL, Loeys B, Kent KC, Spevak PJ, Dietz HC (2007). "Familial thoracic aortic dilation and bicommissural aortic valve: a prospective analysis of natural history and inheritance". Am J Med Genet A. 143A (17): 1960–7. doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.31872. PMID 17676603.
  19. ↑ REEVE, R.; ROBINSON, SJ. (1964). "HYPOPLASTIC ANNULUS--AN UNUSUAL TYPE OF AORTIC STENOSIS: A REPORT OF THREE CASES IN CHILDREN". Dis Chest. 45: 99–102. PMID 14114644. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  20. ↑ Williams JA, Loeys BL, Nwakanma LU, Dietz HC, Spevak PJ, Patel ND; et al. (2007). "Early surgical experience with Loeys-Dietz: a new syndrome of aggressive thoracic aortic aneurysm disease". Ann Thorac Surg. 83 (2): S757–63, discussion S785-90. doi:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2006.10.091. PMID 17257922.
  21. ↑ Raas-Rothschild, A; Spiegel, R (1993–2016). Mucolipidosis III Gamma (internet). University of Washington, Seattle: GeneReviews. ISSN 2372-0697.
  22. ↑ NAME OF WEBSITE. http://www.rightdiagnosis.com/medical/onat_syndrome.htm​ Accessed on December 8th,2016
  23. ↑ Yamagishi Y, Yuda S, Tsuchihashi K, Saitoh S, Miura T, Ura N; et al. (2007). "Quadricuspid aortic valve associated with aortic stenosis and regurgitation: report of a case and a review of the literature". J Med Ultrason (2001). 34 (4): 197–200. doi:10.1007/s10396-007-0148-9. PMID 27278482.
  24. ↑ Feigenbaum A, Müller C, Yale C, Kleinheinz J, Jezewski P, Kehl HG; et al. (2013). "Singleton-Merten syndrome: an autosomal dominant disorder with variable expression". Am J Med Genet A. 161A (2): 360–70. doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.35732. PMID 23322711.
  25. ↑ Cohen PR, Kurzrock R (2003). "Sweet's syndrome revisited: a review of disease concepts". Int J Dermatol. 42 (10): 761–78. PMID 14521689.
  26. ↑ Bedynek JL, Galioto FM, Leon DF (2000). "Tricuspid aortic valve with partial commissural fusion: prelminary report of an apparently common cause of aortic ejection sounds with potential for serious sequelae, illustrated by two cases". Tex Heart Inst J. 27 (2): 201–5. PMC 101056. PMID 10928509.
  27. ↑ Noonan JA (1968). "Hypertelorism with Turner phenotype. A new syndrome with associated congenital heart disease". Am J Dis Child. 116 (4): 373–80. PMID 4386970.
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Kwon HJ, Park JH, Kim SS, Sun BJ, Jin SA, Kim JH; et al. (2016). "Severe Aortic Stenosis Associated with Unicommissural Unicuspid Aortic Valve in a Middle Aged Male". J Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 24 (3): 247–250. doi:10.4250/jcu.2016.24.3.247. PMC 5050315. PMID 27721957.
  29. ↑ Stern, JA.; Meurs, KM.; Nelson, OL.; Lahmers, SM.; Lehmkuhl, LB. (2012). "Familial subvalvular aortic stenosis in golden retrievers: inheritance and echocardiographic findings". J Small Anim Pract. 53 (4): 213–6. doi:10.1111/j.1748-5827.2011.01187.x. PMID 22417094. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  30. ↑ Varma PK, Neema PK (2014). "Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: part 1 - introduction, pathology and pathophysiology". Ann Card Anaesth. 17 (2): 118–24. doi:10.4103/0971-9784.129841. PMID 24732610.
  31. ↑ Clark CE, Henry WL, Epstein SE (1973). "Familial prevalence and genetic transmission of idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis". N Engl J Med. 289 (14): 709–14. doi:10.1056/NEJM197310042891402. PMID 4737963.
  32. ↑ Sharma S, Bahl VK, Rajani M (1997). "Stent treatment of obstructing dissection after percutaneous transluminal angioplasty of aortic stenosis caused by nonspecific aortitis". Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 20 (5): 377–9. PMID 9271649.
  33. ↑ Chiarella, F.; Bricarelli, FD.; Lupi, G.; Bellotti, P.; Domenicucci, S.; Vecchio, C. (1989). "Familial supravalvular aortic stenosis: a genetic study". J Med Genet. 26 (2): 86–92. PMID 2918546. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  34. ↑ Giannakoulas, G.; Mouratoglou, SA.; Kelekis, A.; Hatzimiltiades, S.; Karvounis, H. "Supravalvular aortic stenosis in homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia". Hellenic J Cardiol. 54 (5): 392–3. PMID 24100183.
  35. ↑ Norwood WI, Lang P, Casteneda AR, Campbell DN (1981). "Experience with operations for hypoplastic left heart syndrome". J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 82 (4): 511–9. PMID 6168869.
  36. ↑ Deo, SV.; Burkhart, HM.; Dearani, JA.; Schaff, HV. (2013). "Supravalvar aortic stenosis: current surgical approaches and outcomes". Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther. 11 (7): 879–90. doi:10.1586/14779072.2013.811967. PMID 23895031. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  37. ↑ Morris CA, Demsey SA, Leonard CO, Dilts C, Blackburn BL (1988). "Natural history of Williams syndrome: physical characteristics". J Pediatr. 113 (2): 318–26. PMID 2456379.
  38. ↑ Siu SC, Silversides CK (2010). "Bicuspid aortic valve disease". J Am Coll Cardiol. 55 (25): 2789–800. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2009.12.068. PMID 20579534.
  39. ↑ Kumar RK, Tandon R (2013). "Rheumatic fever & rheumatic heart disease: the last 50 years". Indian J Med Res. 137 (4): 643–58. PMC 3724245. PMID 23703332.
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 Pawade TA, Newby DE, Dweck MR (2015). "Calcification in Aortic Stenosis: The Skeleton Key". J Am Coll Cardiol. 66 (5): 561–77. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2015.05.066. PMID 26227196.
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 Philip F, Faza NN, Schoenhagen P, Desai MY, Tuzcu EM, Svensson LG; et al. (2015). "Aortic annulus and root characteristics in severe aortic stenosis due to bicuspid aortic valve and tricuspid aortic valves: implications for transcatheter aortic valve therapies". Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 86 (2): E88–98. doi:10.1002/ccd.25948. PMID 25914355.
  42. ↑ Marijon E, Mirabel M, Celermajer DS, Jouven X (2012). "Rheumatic heart disease". Lancet. 379 (9819): 953–64. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61171-9. PMID 22405798.

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