Sudden infant death syndrome risk factors

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Vamsikrishna Gunnam M.B.B.S [2]

Overview

There are no established risk factors for [disease name].

OR

The most potent risk factor in the development of [disease name] is [risk factor 1]. Other risk factors include [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4].

OR

Common risk factors in the development of SIDS include maternal factors such as age of the mother, smoking history, and prenatal care history, environmental factors which include preterm birth, prone sleeping position, bed-sharing, and overheating.

OR

Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] may be occupational, environmental, genetic, and viral.

Risk Factors

There are no established risk factors for [disease name].

OR

The most potent risk factor in the development of [disease name] is [risk factor 1]. Other risk factors include [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4].

OR

Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] include [risk factor 1], [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4].

Common Risk Factors

• Common risk factors in the development of SIDS may be seen more often in mothers who are younger, less educated, and nonwhite, and smoked during the pregnancy.
• Common risk factors in the development of Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) include:

Maternal risk factors

• Maternal factors which include the following:
  • Maternal age:
    • Mother who are very young in age are more prone to have SIDS conditions
  • Maternal smoking:
    • Smoking during pregnancy increases the risk of SIDS
  • Placental abnormalities:
    • Placental abnormalities which include placenta previa, abruptio placentae, premature rupture of membranes or small for gestational age increases the risk of SIDS
  • Prenatal care:
    • Mothers who did not attend prenatal care are at risk of SIDS

Infant risk factors

• Infant risk factors which include the following:
  • Prematurity
    • When compare to term infants premature infants have higher risk of developing SIDS.
  • Low birth weight
    • The risk of developing SIDS in low to very low weight infants is four times higher than normal birth weight infants
    • Gestational hypertension with smoking are associated very highly with low birth weight
  • Sibling of SIDS
    • Due to biologic and/or epidemiological influence the risk of developing SIDS in siblings of SIDS infants is increased to sixfold
    • But often deaths that are related to inborn errors of metabolism and child abuse are mistaken as SIDS
  • Twins
    • The risk of developing SIDS in twins is almost double than normal population
    • The risk of developing SIDS in twins in according with gestational age ≥37 weeks as follows:
      • Relative risk (RR) of SIDS is 1.31- Gestational age 37 to 38 weeks
      • Relative risk (RR) of SIDS is 1.47- Gestational age 39 to 40 weeks
      • Relative risk (RR) of SIDS is 2.09- Gestational age ≥41 weeks
  • History of apnea of the infant
    • History of apnea of the infant or cyanosis is not necessarily increase the risk of SIDS.
    • Before death they are reports that the infant may become cyanotic by the SIDS victim parents.
  • Sleep position of the infant
    • One of the strongest risk factors for developing SIDS is corresponding to the sleep position of the infant
    • Prone sleeping position of the infant is the the most important and vulnerable position for the infant to develop SIDS.
    • If possible try to avoid side positioning of the infant as this position might lead to the prone position and that in turn leads to the SIDS.
    • Supine positioning of the infant for every sleep of every day and every time decreases the risk of developing SIDS.
  • Sleep environment of the infant
    • The following sleep environments increases the risk of developing SIDS in an infant :
      • Soft sleeping surface
      • Loose bedding accessories
      • Crib bumper pads
      • Bed-sharing
      • Car safety seats and other sitting or inclined rocking devices
        • In car due to the sitting position of the infant where the oxygenation decreases increases the risk of SIDS.
      • Overheating
        • Using more than 2 blankets or using more clotting or increased in the room temperature increases the risk of SIDS.
      • Swaddling
        • The risk of developing SIDS with swaddling increases especially in older infants.
        • The risk of developing SIDS with swaddling doubles when the infant is not placed in a supine position during sleep.